Table 2. Clinical outcomes.

The JOA score for lumbar and cervical disorders was significantly improved postoperatively compared with preoperatively (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, W = 0, *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001). #2 Recovery rate = (postoperative JOA score − preoperative JOA score) / (normal JOA score − preoperative JOA score) × 100. #3 Patient self-evaluation (a: completely relieved, b: better, c: unchanged, d: worse).

JOA: Japanese Orthopedic Association

		Lumbar disorders (n = 22)	Cervical disorders (n = 8)
Operative time (minutes)		138.5 ± 28.4 (85-202)	190.5 ± 37.8 (141-257)
Blood loss (g)		116.2 ± 110.9 (10-490)	132.9 ± 157.6 (22-512)
Preoperative JOA score		16.2 ± 2.4 (11-22)	10.0 ± 1.3 (8.0-12.0)
Postoperative JOA score		25.3 ± 3.1 (17-29)***	13.4 ± 1.4 (11.0-15.5)*
Recovery rate (%) #2		70.4 ± 23.9 (14.3-100)	49.1 ± 17.6 (30-73.3)
Follow-up (months)		16.9 ± 8.7 (6-36)	33.9 ± 13.2 (15-56)
Patient self-evaluation #3	a	6	0
	b	14	7
	c	2	1
	d	0	0