Table 2.

CCOLD mapping across experiments.

CCOLD dimension	Operationalization	Experiment 1	Experiment 2	Experiment 3
Psychological dynamics	Language condition	Native Chinese vs. Foreign English	Native Chinese vs. Foreign English	Native Chinese vs. Foreign English
Practical goals	Lie/truth type	Black lie vs. White lie	White lie vs. Truth	Black lie vs. Truth
Communication conventions	Social norm question	Descriptive norm vs. Subjective norm; third-person likelihood vs. first-person willingness	Descriptive norm vs. Subjective norm; third-person likelihood vs. first-person willingness	Descriptive norm vs. Subjective norm; third-person likelihood vs. first-person willingness
Online medium	Text-only online platform	WeChat voice; TikTok; Xiaohongshu	Text-based online workplace scenario	QQ; Weibo