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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Oct 22.
Published in final edited form as: J Appl Dev Psychol. 2025 Aug 27;100:101856. doi: 10.1016/j.appdev.2025.101856

Table 2.

Group Membership Based on Parent and Teacher Reports on Externalizing Behavior (CBCL).

No Concern Parent Concern Teacher Concern Both Concern
N (%) 694 (75%) 61 (7%) 128 (14%) 44 (4%)
Description Agreement Low Externalizing Behavior Disagreement Parent > Teacher Disagreement Parent < Teacher Agreement High Externalizing Behavior
Parent-reported Externalizing Behavior Normal Above Border Normal Above Border
M 44.40 64.89 49.23 66.34
SD 7.65 4.25 7.35 3.93
Teacher-reported Externalizing Behavior Normal Normal Above Border Above Border
M 47.88 51.43 65.05 66.89
SD 6.26 5.80 5.84 9.20
Race/ethnicity (% White) 86% 82% 70% 66%
Sex (% Girl) 51% 59% 48% 59%
Income to Needs Ratio 4.7 3.7 3.7 2.8

Note. CBCL = Child Behavior Checklist. Normal refers to externalizing T-scores ranging from 0 to 60. Above Border indicates T-scores exceeding the borderline threshold of 60.