Table 5.
Plasma lipoproteins, glucose, insulin, folate and homocysteine concentrations during the dietary interventions1
| Baseline | Week 4 | Week 8 | Week 12 | Change3 | ||
| Total Cholesterol mmol/L | VLCARB | 5.92 ± 0.21 | 5.38 ± 0.20 | 5.68 ± 0.29 | 5.82 ± 0.26 | -0.09 ± 0.20 |
| VLF | 5.64 ± 0.23 | 4.83 ± 0.20 | 4.94 ± 0.23 | 5.15 ± 0.26 | -0.49 ± 0.14 | |
| HUF | 6.09 ± 0.23 | 5.11 ± 0.23 | 5.27 ± 0.26 | 5.62 ± 0.24 | -0.47 ± 0.15 | |
| LDL Cholesterol2 mmol/L | VLCARB | 3.83 ± 0.18 | 3.57 ± 0.21 | 3.89 ± 0.28 | 4.01 ± 0.26 | 0.18 ± 0.18a |
| VLF | 3.65 ± 0.22 | 3.05 ± 0.18 | 3.16 ± 0.20 | 3.25 ± 0.22 | -0.40 ± 0.11b | |
| HUF | 4.12 ± 0.24 | 3.38 ± 0.20 | 3.54 ± 0.25 | 3.78 ± 0.22 | -0.34 ± 0.14b | |
| ApoB g/L | VLCARB | 1.01 ± 0.05 | 0.94 ± 0.05 | 1.00 ± 0.05 | -0.02 ± 0.05 | |
| VLF | 0.97 ± 0.05 | 0.85 ± 0.05 | 0.89 ± 0.06 | -0.07 ± 0.02 | ||
| HUF | 1.05 ± 0.06 | 0.93 ± 0.06 | 0.99 ± 0.05 | -0.06 ± 0.02 | ||
| HDL Cholesterol2 mmol/L | VLCARB | 1.26 ± 0.05 | 1.27 ± 0.05 | 1.26 ± 0.05 | 1.32 ± 0.05 | 0.06 ± 0.03a |
| VLF | 1.31 ± 0.07 | 1.18 ± 0.05 | 1.15 ± 0.06 | 1.25 ± 0.06 | -0.06 ± 0.04b | |
| HUF | 1.26 ± 0.05 | 1.15 ± 0.05 | 1.15 ± 0.05 | 1.19 ± 0.04 | -0.06 ± 0.03b | |
| Triacylglycerols2 mmol/L | VLCARB | 1.83 ± 0.19 | 1.20 ± 0.12 | 1.16 ± 0.10 | 1.11 ± 0.10 | -0.73 ± 0.12a |
| VLF | 1.51 ± 0.13 | 1.31 ± 0.10 | 1.38 ± 0.12 | 1.44 ± 0.13 | -0.06 ± 0.13b | |
| HUF | 1.56 ± 0.11 | 1.27 ± 0.12 | 1.29 ± 0.11 | 1.42 ± 0.12 | -0.15 ± 0.07b | |
| Glucose mmol/L | VLCARB | 5.3 ± 0.1 | 5.2 ± 0.1 | 5.3 ± 0.1 | 5.3 ± 0.1 | -0.1 ± 0.1 |
| VLF | 5.3 ± 0.1 | 5.1 ± 0.1 | 5.2 ± 0.1 | 5.3 ± 0.1 | -0.1 ± 0.1 | |
| HUF | 5.4 ± 0.1 | 5.4 ± 0.1 | 5.2 ± 0.1 | 5.2 ± 0.1 | -0.2 ± 0.1 | |
| Insulin2 mU/L | VLCARB | 10.7 ± 1.1 | 8.2 ± 0.8 | 8.1 ± 1.0 | 7.1 ± 0.8 | -3.6 ± 0.5a |
| VLF | 8.6 ± 0.7 | 8.2 ± 0.7 | 7.8 ± 0.8 | 9.9 ± 1.9 | 1.3 ± 1.7b,c | |
| HUF | 9.1 ± 0.6 | 9.0 ± 0.6 | 7.9 ± 0.6 | 7.4 ± 0.7 | -1.7 ± 0.5a,c | |
| Folate nmol/L | VLCARB | 23.13 ± 1.46 | 22.52 ± 1.03 | -0.61 ± 0.84 | ||
| VLF | 23.99 ± 1.42 | 27.54 ± 1.10 | 3.54 ± 1.30 | |||
| HUF | 23.95 ± 1.32 | 24.83 ± 1.61 | 0.88 ± 1.82 | |||
| Homocysteine2 umol/L | VLCARB | 7.28 ± 0.33 | 7.76 ± 0.39 | 0.56 ± 0.27a | ||
| VLF | 7.30 ± 0.45 | 6.80 ± 0.34 | -0.50 ± 31b,c | |||
| HUF | 7.14 ± 0.32 | 7.19 ± 0.30 | -0.04 ± 0.22a,c | |||
| C reactive protein mg/L | VLCARB | 5.27 ± 0.71 | . | 4.51 ± 0.60 | -0.76 ± 0.56 | |
| VLF | 4.52 ± 0.78 | 3.42 ± 0.70 | -1.10 ± 0.50 | |||
| HUF | 4.52 ± 0.70 | 4.17 ± 0.71 | -0.35 ± 0.71 |
1mean ± SEM
VLCARB = very low carbohydrate (n = 24) VLF = very low fat (n = 22) HUF = high unsaturated fat (n = 21)
2 Significant main effect of diet using repeated measures ANOVA with time as the within subject factor and diet as the between subject factor after adjustment for weight loss as a covariate (P < 0.05)
3 When significant main effect of diet detected, post hoc analysis was conducted using Tukeys test. Variables with the different superscripts are significantly different from one another (P < 0.05)