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. 2026 Oct 9;13:1908149. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2026.1908149

Figure 2.

Panel A shows an exposed skull after scalp retraction during cranial surgery. Panel B displays a hematoma beneath the dura mater with visible blood accumulation. Panel C shows close-up manipulation near the skull base using surgical instruments. Panel D illustrates the exposed brain after hematoma evacuation with visible cortical structures. Panel E presents partial closure of the skull with sutures and bone flap placement. Panel F demonstrates complete closure of the cranial incision, with the scalp repositioned and held in place by surgical retractors.

Intraoperative photographs. (A) After craniotomy, the tumor was observed to invade the dura mater, with increased dural tension. (B–D) Intratumoral necrosis and old hemorrhage were identified. The grayish-red tumor protruded into the brain parenchyma and infiltrated adjacent brain tissue. (E,F) Subtemporal decompression was achieved by removing a 6 × 6 cm portion of temporal bone beneath the temporalis muscle.