Table 3.

Surgical management, perioperative complications, and outcomes by care pathway

Characteristic	Overall (N = 166)	Urgent (n = 122)	Scheduled (n = 44)	p value
Hospital course
Diagnosis-to-surgery, days	7 [1–290]	5 [1–169]	25 [7–290]	< 0.001
Preoperative LOS, days	3 [0–12]	4 [0–12]	0 [0–3]	< 0.001
Index LOS, days	7 [1–39]	8 [1–39]	3 [2–15]	< 0.001
Postoperative LOS, days	3 [1–27]	4 [1–27]	3 [1–12]	0.002
ICU LOS, days	1 [0–16]	1 [0–16]	1 [0–6]	0.261
Days alive & at home, 30 d (DAH-30)	18 [0–29]	15 [0–29]	27 [0–28]	< 0.001
Surgical
Gross-total resection	66 (40)	48 (39)	18 (41)	0.859
Awake craniotomy	16 (9.6)	8 (6.6)	8 (18)	0.036
5-ALA fluorescence	57 (34)	37 (30)	20 (45)	0.095
Complications (30-day)
Any postoperative complication	57 (34)	44 (36)	13 (30)	0.465
Any surgical complication	47 (28)	37 (30)	10 (23)	0.436
Any medical complication	21 (13)	18 (15)	3 (6.8)	0.289
New/worsened neurologic deficit (permanent)	21 (13)	15 (12)	6 (14)	0.796
Surgical-site infection	7 (4.2)	6 (4.9)	1 (2.3)	0.677
Intracranial hemorrhage	8 (4.8)	7 (5.7)	1 (2.3)	0.683
CSF leak	6 (3.6)	6 (4.9)	0 (0)	0.343
New postoperative seizure	6 (3.6)	5 (4.1)	1 (2.3)	1.000
Venous thromboembolism (post-op DVT/PE)	8 (4.8)	7 (5.7)	1 (2.3)	0.683
Outcomes
Return to OR ≤ 30 d (all cause)	13 (7.8)	12 (9.8)	1 (2.3)	0.188
Readmission ≤ 30 d (all cause)	21 (13)	17 (14)	4 (9.1)	0.597
30-day mortality	4 (2.4)	4 (3.3)	0 (0)	0.574
Non-home discharge	77 (46)	65 (53)	12 (27)	0.004
Adjuvant timing
Surgery-to-radiotherapy, days	36 [17–66]	36 [17–66]	39 [23–62]	0.673
Surgery-to-chemotherapy, days	37 [17–145]	36.5 [17–145]	39.5 [23–144]	0.356

Values are median [range] (Mann–Whitney U) or no. (%) (Fisher’s exact). Deficits are permanent (persisting to 3 months; deficits unresolved at death or last follow-up before 3 months were classified as permanent). Adjuvant timing is among patients with a recorded interval (radiotherapy n = 143; chemotherapy n = 142). DAH-30, days alive and at home within 30 days; LOS, length of stay; OR, operating room