Table 2.

Pre- and post-course outcomes and exploratory baseline-adjusted comparisons.

Outcome	Time	Intervention class (n = 65), mean ± SD	Control class (n = 75), mean ± SD	Adjusted mean difference (95% CI)	F(1,137)	Partial η2	p	Holm-adjusted p
Self-directed learning	Pre	65.89 ± 12.91	68.99 ± 13.72
	Post	74.48 ± 14.79	66.95 ± 11.20	7.68 (3.29–12.07)	11.96	0.08	<0.001	0.009
Critical thinking	Pre	108.98 ± 16.28	107.73 ± 23.20
	Post	128.29 ± 11.36	113.00 ± 10.87	15.27 (11.53–19.00)	65.41	0.323	<0.001	<0.001
Learning engagement	Pre	62.37 ± 17.99	59.65 ± 13.49
	Post	69.65 ± 17.94	62.69 ± 13.09	7.06 (1.82–12.30)	7.1	0.049	0.009	0.034

ANCOVA models included the post-course score as the dependent variable, study condition as the factor, and the corresponding pre-course score as the covariate. Positive adjusted differences favor the intervention class. Holm adjustment was applied across the 17 comparisons reported in Tables 2–4. Because one intact class was included in each study condition, the individual-level analyses were exploratory and did not account for between-class heterogeneity. ANCOVA, analysis of covariance; CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation.