30S	30S ribosomal subunit
50S	50S ribosomal subunit
AB	Acinetobacter baumannii
ABC	Acinetobacter baumannii–calcoaceticus complex
ADC	Acinetobacter-derived cephalosporinase
AMEs	aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes
AMR	antimicrobial resistance
AMS	antimicrobial stewardship
AmpC	AmpC β-lactamase
ARI-1	Acinetobacter resistant to imipenem
AST	antimicrobial susceptibility testing
ATM–AVI	aztreonam–avibactam
BL/BLI	β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor
BLE	β-lactam enhancer
BSIs	bloodstream infections
CarbAcineto NP	Carba NP test variant for Acinetobacter spp.
carbaNP/Carba NP	Carba NP test (colorimetric hydrolysis-based assay)
CAZ–AVI	ceftazidime–avibactam
CDT	combined disc test
CFP–ETZ	cefepime–enmetazobactam
CFP-ZID	cefepime-zidebactam
CHDLs	carbapenem-hydrolysing class D β-lactamases
cIAI/cIAIs	complicated intra-abdominal infection(s)
CIM	carbapenem inactivation method
CIMTris	Tris-HCl-based carbapenem inactivation method
CLSI	Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
CMY	cephamycinase
COVID-19	coronavirus disease 2019
CP-CRO	carbapenemase-producing carbapenem-resistant organism(s)
non-CP CRO	non-carbapenemase-producing carbapenem-resistant organism(s)
CP-AB	carbapenemase-producing Acinetobacter baumannii
CP-PSAE	carbapenemase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa
CPE	carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales
CR	carbapenem-resistant/carbapenem resistance
CR-GNB	carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli
CR-NME	carbapenem-resistant non-Morganellaceae Enterobacterales
CRAB	carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii
CRE	carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales
CRO/CROs	carbapenem-resistant organism(s)
CRPA	carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
CTL–TZB	ceftolozane–tazobactam
CTX-M	cefotaximase-Munich
cUTI/cUTIs	complicated urinary tract infection(s)
DBO/DBOs	diazabicyclooctane(s)
DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid
DTR	difficult-to-treat resistance
eCIM	EDTA-modified carbapenem inactivation method
EDTA	ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
EMA	European Medicines Agency
ESBL/ESBLs	extended-spectrum β-lactamase(s)
EUCAST	European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
FDA	U.S. Food and Drug Administration
GES	Guiana extended-spectrum β-lactamase
GIM	German imipenemase
GN	Gram-negative
GNB	Gram-negative bacilli
GP	Gram-positive
HAIs	healthcare-associated infections
HAP	hospital-acquired pneumonia
IMI	imipenem-hydrolyzing β-lactamase
IMI–REL	imipenem–cilastatin–relebactam
IMP	imipenemase
IPC	infection prevention and control
KPC	Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase
LFIA	lateral flow immunoassay
MALDI-TOF MS	matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry
MBL/MBLs	metallo-β-lactamase(s)
mCIM	modified carbapenem inactivation method
MDR	multidrug-resistant/multidrug resistance
MDR-GNB	multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli
MEM–VAB	meropenem–vaborbactam
MGEs	mobile genetic elements
MHT	modified Hodge test
MIC/MICs	minimum inhibitory concentration(s)
MPCs MTZ	mutant prevention concentrations metronidazole
N/A	not applicable
NDM	New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase
NF-GNB	non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli
NGS	next-generation sequencing
NMC-A	non-metallo class A carbapenemase
NME	non-Morganellaceae Enterobacterales
OMPs	outer membrane proteins
OMVs	outer membrane vesicles
OXA/OXAs	oxacillinase(s)
PBP/PBPs	penicillin-binding protein(s)
PCR	polymerase chain reaction
PDC/PDCs	Pseudomonas-derived cephalosporinase(s)
PDR	pandrug-resistant/pandrug resistance
PER	Pseudomonas extended resistance
PK/PD	pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic
PSAE	Pseudomonas aeruginosa
RND	resistance-nodulation-division
rRNA	ribosomal RNA
SBL/SBLs	serine β-lactamase(s)
SFC	Serratia fonticola carbapenemase
SHV	sulfhydryl variable β-lactamase
SIM	Seoul imipenemase
SME	Serratia marcescens enzyme
SPM	São Paulo metallo-β-lactamase
SSTIs	skin and soft tissue infections
ST	sequence type
SUL–DUR	sulbactam–durlobactam
TAT	turnaround time
TEM	Temoneira β-lactamase
UTI/UTIs	urinary tract infection(s)
VAB	vaborbactam
VAP	ventilator-associated pneumonia
VEB	Vietnamese extended-spectrum β-lactamase
VIM	Verona integron-encoded metallo-β-lactamase
WGS	whole-genome sequencing
WHO	World Health Organization
XDR	extensively drug-resistant/extensive drug resistance