| AMR | Antimicrobial Resistance |
| AOR | Adjusted Odds Ratio |
| AST | Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing |
| ATCC | American Type Culture Collection |
| BLAST | Basic Local Alignment Search Tool |
| CFU | Colony-Forming Units |
| CI | Confidence Interval |
| CoNS | Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci |
| COR | Crude Odds Ratio |
| EPV | Events Per Variable |
| EUCAST | European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing |
| ITS | Internal Transcribed Spacer |
| MBBS | Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery |
| MR-CoNS | Methicillin-Resistant Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci |
| MRSA | Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus |
| MRSS | Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Species |
| NCBI | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
| OR | Odds Ratio |
| PCR | Polymerase Chain Reaction |
| rDNA | Ribosomal Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
| rRNA | Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid |
| TVC | Total Viable Count |
| UTAR | Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman |
| WHO | World Health Organization |