3R τ	Three-repeat tau isoform
4R τ	Four-repeat tau isoform
AD	Alzheimer’s disease
AI	Artificial intelligence
ALS	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
ANN	Artificial neural network
APP	Amyloid precursor protein
Aβ	Amyloid-beta
Aβ40	Amyloid-beta 40
Aβ42	Amyloid-beta 42
BBB	Blood–brain barrier
BDNF	Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
CNN	Convolutional neural network
CNS	Central nervous system
CO	Cortical organoid
CRBM	Conditional Restricted Boltzmann Machine
CSF	Cerebrospinal fluid
DA	Dopamine/Dopaminergic
DBS	Deep brain stimulation
DPR	Dipeptide repeat
EBiSC	European Bank for induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
EEG	Electroencephalography
FTD	Frontotemporal dementia
GA	Glycine–alanine (poly(GA) dipeptide repeat)
GBA	Gut–brain axis
GBA1	Glucocerebrosidase beta 1
GMP	Good Manufacturing Practice
GNN	Graph neural network
HD	Huntington’s disease
hiPSCs	Human-induced pluripotent stem cells
HMC3	Human microglial cell line HMC3
HTT	Huntingtin
IL6	Interleukin-6
L-DOPA	Levodopa (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine)
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
LRRK2	Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2
LUHMES	Lund human mesencephalic cells
MISCO	Midbrain–Striatal–Cortical Organoid
ML	Machine learning
MO	Midbrain organoid
MPTP	1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
MRI	Magnetic resonance imaging
MS	Multiple sclerosis
MSN	Medium spiny neuron
ND	Neurodegenerative disease
NHP	Non-human primate
OFF	Off medication state
ON	On medication state
OSC	Organotypic slice culture
OXPHOS	Oxidative phosphorylation
PBMC	Peripheral blood mononuclear cell
PD	Parkinson’s disease
PET	Positron emission tomography
PFF	Preformed fibril
PPI	Protein–protein interaction
RF	Random forest
SCNT	Somatic cell nuclear transfer
scRNA-seq	Single-cell RNA sequencing
snRNA-seq	Single-nucleus RNA sequencing
SVM	Support vector machine
XCI	X-chromosome inactivation
α-syn	Alpha-synuclein
β-amyloid	Beta-amyloid
τ	Tau protein