| CuNPs | Copper nanoparticles |
| NaBH4/PVP | Sodium borohydride/Polyvinylpyrrolidone |
| HCC | Hepatocellular carcinoma |
| SEM | Scanning electron microscopy |
| DLS | Dynamic light scattering |
| DMEM | Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium |
| DMSO | Dimethyl sulfoxide |
| MTT | (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) |
| IC50 | The half-maximal inhibitory concentration |
| PBS | Phosphate-buffered saline |
| RIPA buffer | Radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer |
| ECL | Enhanced chemiluminescence |