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. 2026 Sep 30;14(10):2212. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines14102212
CuNPs Copper nanoparticles
NaBH4/PVP Sodium borohydride/Polyvinylpyrrolidone
HCC Hepatocellular carcinoma
SEM Scanning electron microscopy
DLS Dynamic light scattering
DMEM Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium
DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide
MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide)
IC50 The half-maximal inhibitory concentration
PBS Phosphate-buffered saline
RIPA buffer Radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer
ECL Enhanced chemiluminescence