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. 2026 Oct 17;18(20):3358. doi: 10.3390/cancers18203358
ccRCC clear cell renal cell carcinoma
VHL von Hippel–Lindau
HIF hypoxia-inducible factor
VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
PDGF platelet-derived growth factor
mTORC1 mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1
mTORC2 mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2
TSC1 tuberous sclerosis complex 1
TSC2 tuberous sclerosis complex 2
AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase
ER endoplasmic reticulum
UPR unfolded protein response
REDD1 regulated in development and DNA damage responses 1
VCP valosin-containing protein
ERAD endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation
PERK protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase
IRE1α inositol-requiring enzyme 1α
ATF6 activating transcription factor 6
ATF4 activating transcription factor 4
GRP78 glucose-regulated protein 78
BiP binding immunoglobulin protein
XBP1 X-box binding protein 1
eIF2α eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α
CHOP C/EBP homologous protein
TXNIP thioredoxin-interacting protein
ROS reactive oxygen species
ATM ataxia-telangiectasia mutated
S6K1 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1
4EBP1 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1
PP2A protein phosphatase 2A
Rheb Ras homolog enriched in brain
PLK1 Polo-like kinase 1
MAMs Mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes
IP3R inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor
VDAC voltage-dependent anion channel