AAS	atomic absorption spectrometry
AFM	atomic force microscopy
APF	acidulated phosphate fluoride
BSA	bovine serum albumin
CCL21	C-C motif chemokine ligand 21
CCR7	C-C chemokine receptor type 7
CI	confidence interval
CMR	carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic to reproduction
CoCrMo	cobalt–chromium–molybdenum alloy
DMEM	Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium
DMT1	divalent metal transporter 1
EDTA	ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
EDX	energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
FDA	United States Food and Drug Administration
GCF	gingival crevicular fluid
GF-AAS	graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry
GSDMD	gasdermin D
HDAC6	histone deacetylase 6
HEK	human embryonic kidney (cells)
HIF-1α	hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha
ICP	inductively coupled plasma
ICP-MS	inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
ICP-OES	inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry
IL	interleukin
IRP1	iron-regulatory protein 1
ISO	International Organization for Standardization
KLF2	Krüppel-like factor 2
LPS	lipopolysaccharide
LTT	lymphocyte transformation test
MD	mean difference
MES	2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid
M-MDSC	monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cell
MTT	3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay
NiTi	nickel–titanium alloy
NLRP3	NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3
NMR	nuclear magnetic resonance
PRISMA	Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
RCT	randomised clinical trial
RIPK	receptor-interacting protein kinase
RM-ANOVA	repeated-measures analysis of variance
ROS	reactive oxygen species
RSD	relative standard deviation
SEM	scanning electron microscopy
SLM	selective laser melting
SS	stainless steel
TI	tolerable intake
TLR4	Toll-like receptor 4
TMA	titanium–molybdenum alloy
TNF-α	tumour necrosis factor alpha
TSL	toxicological screening limit
TTC	threshold of toxicological concern
VEGF	vascular endothelial growth factor
XPS	X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
YPD	yeast extract–peptone–dextrose