aOR	adjusted odds ratio
Akt	protein kinase B
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
ASCVD	atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
BMI	body mass index
CEA	carcinoembryonic antigen
CI	confidence interval
CRC	colorectal cancer
csHR	cause-specific hazard ratio
CTRCD	cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction
CVD	cardiovascular disease
DCIS	ductal carcinoma in situ
DM	diabetes mellitus
DFS	disease-free survival
DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid
DPP-4	dipeptidyl peptidase-4
DPP-4i	dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor
DTC	differentiated thyroid cancer
ED	emergency department
EMR	electronic medical record
ERK	extracellular signal-regulated kinase
ESRD	end-stage renal disease
GIP	glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
GLP-1 RA	glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist
GLP-1/GIP RA	glucagon-like peptide-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor agonist
HbA1c	glycated hemoglobin
HCC	hepatocellular carcinoma
HF	heart failure
HR	hazard ratio
IARC	International Agency for Research on Cancer
ICI	immune checkpoint inhibitor
ICU	intensive care unit
IGF-1	insulin-like growth factor 1
IL-1β	interleukin-1 beta
IL-6	interleukin-6
IQR	interquartile range
ITT	intention-to-treat
LRR	locoregional recurrence
LVEF	left ventricular ejection fraction
MACE	major adverse cardiovascular events
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase
MeSH	Medical Subject Headings
mTOR	mechanistic target of rapamycin
N	total sample size
NA	not available
NED	no evidence of disease
NEC	neuroendocrine carcinoma
NEN	neuroendocrine neoplasm
NET	neuroendocrine tumor
NF-κB	nuclear factor kappa B
NK	natural killer
NOS	Newcastle–Ottawa Scale
NR	not reported
NS	not statistically significant
NSCLC	non-small cell lung cancer
OR	odds ratio
OS	overall survival
PFS	progression-free survival
PI3K	phosphoinositide 3-kinase
PP	per-protocol
PRISMA	Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
PSM	propensity score matching
R0	complete resection with no residual tumor
RCS	restricted cubic spline
RFS	recurrence-free survival
RMST	restricted mean survival time
RR	risk ratio
RRT	renal replacement therapy
SD	standard deviation
SGLT2	sodium-glucose cotransporter 2
SGLT2i	sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor
T2D	type 2 diabetes
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor alpha
TTE	target trial emulation
UCHDW	University of California Health Data Warehouse
vs	versus
WHO ICTRP	World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform