AFP	alpha-fetoprotein
AJCC	American Joint Committee on Cancer
AP-2γ	activating enhancer-binding protein 2 gamma
AUC	area under the curve
BEP	bleomycin, etoposide, cisplatin
β-hCG	beta human chorionic gonadotropin
Ca	carcinoma
CAR-T	chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy
CD30	cluster of differentiation 30
CD117	cluster of differentiation 117/KIT receptor
CEBM	Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine
cfDNA	cell-free DNA
chorio	choriocarcinoma
CLDN6	claudin-6
Cq	quantification cycle
CS1	clinical stage I
ctDNA	circulating tumor DNA
D2-40	podoplanin immunohistochemical marker
ddPCR	droplet digital polymerase chain reaction
EAU	European Association of Urology
EC	embryonal carcinoma
ELISA	enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
FOXA2	forkhead box A2
GCNIS	germ cell neoplasia in situ
GCT	germ cell tumor
GPC3	glypican-3
HALP	haemoglobin–albumin–lymphocyte–platelet score
HERV	human endogenous retrovirus
HNF1β	hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 beta
HPL	human placental lactogen
HR	hazard ratio
IGCCCG	International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group
IHC	immunohistochemistry
ISUP	International Society of Urological Pathology
KIT	KIT proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase
LDH	lactate dehydrogenase
LIN28	lin-28 homolog (pluripotency-associated RNA-binding protein)
LVI	lymphovascular invasion
miR	microRNA
miR-302/367	microRNA-302/367 cluster
miR-371a-3p	microRNA-371a-3p
miR-373-3p	microRNA-373-3p
MRD	minimal residual disease
NANOG	Nanog homeobox
NGS	next-generation sequencing
NLR	neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio
NPV/PPV	negative/positive predictive value
NSGCT	non-seminomatous germ cell tumor
OCT3/4	octamer-binding transcription factor 3/4
OGCT	ovarian germ cell tumor
OS	overall survival
PD-L1	programmed death-ligand 1
PFS	progression-free survival
PGC	primordial germ cell
PLAP	placental alkaline phosphatase
PLR	platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio
POU5F1	POU class 5 homeobox 1
PRAME	preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma
RASSF1A	Ras association domain family member 1 isoform A
RCT	randomized controlled trial
RPLND	retroperitoneal lymph node dissection
RTI	rete testis invasion
SEER	Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results
SII	systemic immune–inflammation index
SOX2	SRY-box transcription factor 2
SOX17	SRY-box transcription factor 17
TCGA	The Cancer Genome Atlas
TDS	testicular dysgenesis syndrome
TF	transcription factor
TFAP2C	transcription factor AP-2 gamma
TGCT	testicular germ cell tumor
TME	tumor microenvironment
ULN	upper limit of normal
VISTA	V-domain Ig suppressor of T-cell activation
WHO	World Health Organization
YST	yolk sac tumor