ADA	American Diabetes Association
ALT	alanine aminotransferase
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
AST	aspartate aminotransferase
BID	twice daily
BUDCA	berberine ursodeoxycholate
CKD	chronic kidney disease
CKM	Cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic
CYP	cytochrome P450
CYP2D6	cytochrome P450 2D6
CYP3A4	cytochrome P450 3A4
DB	double-blind
eGFR	estimated glomerular filtration rate
ER	endoplasmic reticulum
FPG	fasting plasma glucose
FXR	farnesoid X receptor
GGT	gamma-glutamyl transferase
GLP-1	glucagon-like peptide-1
GLP-1RA	glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist
GLUT4	glucose transporter type 4
HbA1c	glycated hemoglobin
HDL-C	high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
HOMA-IR	homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance
hs-CRP	high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
IL-1β	interleukin-1 beta
IL-6	interleukin-6
LDL-C	low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
LDLR	low-density lipoprotein receptor
LOX-1	lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1; LS, least-squares (mean)
MASH	metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis
MASLD	metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease
MRI-PDFF	magnetic resonance imaging proton density fat fraction
NF-κB	nuclear factor kappa B
NLRP3	NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3
OLE	open-label extension
PCSK9	proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9
PGC-1α	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha
PK	pharmacokinetics
PPAR	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
RCT	randomized controlled trial
SAEs	serious adverse events
SGLT2i	sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor
T2DM	type 2 diabetes mellitus
TGR5	Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5
THRβ	thyroid hormone receptor beta
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-alpha
UDCA	ursodeoxycholic acid