Subject	Engineering.
Specific subject area	Satellite radio-frequency fingerprinting, individual satellite identification, and low Earth orbit satellite signal processing.
Type of data	One-dimensional complex I/Q signal sequences and associated metadata stored in MATLAB MAT-files. The signal data include processed unmodulated tone, BPSK, and QPSK components.
Data collection	Iridium downlink signals were continuously collected for approximately 72 h using six ADALM-PLUTO software-defined radio receivers of the same model. The receivers were connected to a common antenna signal through a one-to-six power divider and operated with identical acquisition parameters. The center frequency was $1626.25\mathrm{MHz}$, the sampling rate was $960\mathrm{kHz}$, and the receiver gain was $50\mathrm{dB}$. An external $10\mathrm{MHz}$ reference clock was used to improve frequency and sampling consistency among the receivers.
Data source location	Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China, approximately $108.9139°$ E and $34.2361°$ N.
Data accessibility	Repository name: Zenodo. Data identification number: DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.21926940. Direct URL to data: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21926940. Instructions for accessing these data: The dataset is publicly available through Zenodo under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license.
Related research article	None.
Previously published dataset or data descriptor	None.