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. 2026 Jul 30;26:1068. doi: 10.1186/s12887-026-07384-3

Table 3.

Univariate pearson correlations between developmental domains and significant predictors

Domain Predictor r 95% CI p Effect size
Communication Sex −0.181 −0.343 to − 0.009 0.044 small
Birth weight 0.186 0.014 to 0.348 0.038 small
Daily parent–infant verbal interaction 0.188 0.016 to 0.350 0.036 small
Gross Motor Birth weight 0.253 0.084 to 0.405 0.002 small–moderate
Exclusive breastfeeding 0.177 0.004 to 0.339 0.025 small
Fine Motor Exclusive breastfeeding 0.216 0.047 to 0.373 0.016 small
Problem Solving Birth weight 0.212 0.043 to 0.370 0.018 small
Personal–Social Birth weight 0.248 0.079 to 0.400 0.006 small–moderate
Prenatal alcohol exposure −0.288 −0.436 to − 0.128 0.002

upper small

(approaching moderate)

Pearson correlation coefficients (two-tailed)

95% confidence intervals were calculated using Fisher’s z transformation

Only statistically significant associations (p < 0.05) are presented