Table 2.
Association between glycemic biomarkers and prevalent CVD among adults with diabetes.
| Model | NHANES | Clinical cohort | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CI) | P | OR (95%CI) | P | |
| Model 1 | ||||
| FBG | 0.995 (0.962, 1.029) | 0.776 | 1.033 (0.999, 1.069) | 0.059 |
| HbA1c | 1.037 (0.974, 1.104) | 0.254 | 1.437 (1.322, 1.567) | <0.001 |
| TyG | 0.999 (0.868, 1.151) | 0.992 | 1.008 (0.824, 1.231) | 0.941 |
| Model 2 | ||||
| FBG | 1.023 (0.984, 1.064) | 0.254 | 1.036 (0.998, 1.076) | 0.062 |
| HbA1c | 1.115 (1.034, 1.202) | 0.005 | 1.426 (1.302, 1.566) | <0.001 |
| TyG | 1.157 (0.976, 1.371) | 0.092 | 0.997 (0.798, 1.241) | 0.976 |
| Model 3 | ||||
| FBG | 1.023 (0.983, 1.065) | 0.258 | 1.035 (0.997, 1.074) | 0.071 |
| HbA1c | 1.117 (1.038, 1.203) | 0.004 | 1.429 (1.307, 1.568) | <0.001 |
| TyG | 1.099 (0.924, 1.306) | 0.283 | 0.989 (0.782, 1.231) | 0.919 |
| Model 4 | ||||
| FBG | 1.023 (0.979, 1.069) | 0.310 | 1.031 (0.991, 1.072) | 0.136 |
| HbA1c | 1.097 (1.002, 1.202) | 0.045 | 1.413 (1.280, 1.564) | <0.001 |
| TyG | 0.975 (0.668, 1.423) | 0.894 | 0.959 (0.757, 1.210) | 0.723 |
Model 1 included no covariate adjustments. Model 2 was adjusted for age and sex, with additional adjustment for Race and PIR in the NHANES cohort. Model 3 was further adjusted for smoking status, drinking status, BMI, and hypertension. Model 4 was further adjusted for TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, eGFR, glucose-lowering medication use, insulin use, lipid-lowering medication use, antihypertensive medication use, and Hb. In the clinical cohort, Model 4 additionally included diabetes duration. Race/ethnicity and PIR were not included in the clinical cohort models because the clinical cohort consisted exclusively of Han Chinese participants and did not have standardized socioeconomic data. CVD, cardiovascular disease; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; TyG, triglyceride-glucose index; PIR, poverty-to-income ratio; BMI, body mass index; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; Hb, hemoglobin.