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. 2026 Oct 15;17:1900785. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1900785

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Copyright © 2026 Jiwen Zhang, Lo, Lok and Chen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Line chart showing changes in physical distress for caregivers and parents over four time points. Parents’ distress is consistently higher, peaking at fifty-four point seventy-one at T1, then decreasing to forty-two point forty-five at T3. Caregivers’ distress starts at twenty-eight point twenty-two, drops to sixteen point thirty-eight at T2, and slightly rises to eighteen point ten at T3. — Changes in stress. Caregivers showed significant changes from T1 to T2 and from T1 to T3. Parents showed significant changes from T1 to T3.