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. 2026 Oct 15;17:1900785. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1900785

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Copyright © 2026 Jiwen Zhang, Lo, Lok and Chen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Line graph showing changes in stress levels over four time points for caregivers and parents. Parents have higher stress at each point, declining from 23.45 at T0 to 17.83 at T3. Caregivers’ stress peaks at 16.07 at T1 then decreases to 11.42 at T3. — Changes in connectedness to nature. Caregivers showed significant changes from T1 to T3. No significant changes were observed in parents.