Table 4.
Outcomes over time for parents (n = 55).
| Variables | T0 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T0 vs. T1 | T1 vs. T2 | T1 vs. T3 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M (SD) | M(SD) | M(SD) | M(SD) | t | p | d | t | p | d | t | p | d | |
| Depression | 17.02 (6.12) | 16.10 (5.76) | 16.00 (5.24) | 13.96 (5.29) | 1.51 | 0.260 | / | 0.16 | 0.928 | / | 2.60 | 0.054 | 0.387 |
| Anxiety | 16.51 (10.36) | 15.79 (9.39) | 14.68 (7.68) | 11.16 (8.41) | 0.60 | 0.707 | / | 1.02 | 0.451 | / | 3.50 | 0.007 | 0.519 |
| Stress | 23.45 (10.79) | 24.01 (10.71) | 20.91 (8.41) | 17.83 (10.11) | −0.54 | 0.734 | / | 2.39 | 0.072 | 0.322 | 4.45 | 0.000 | 0.593 |
| Physical distress | 47.91 (25.34) | 54.71 (30.16) | 46.41 (23.11) | 42.45 (26.42) | −2.19 | 0.082 | 0.244 | 2.25 | 0.080 | 0.309 | 3.31 | 0.010 | 0.432 |
| Daily functioning | 49.82 (16.88) | 47.11 (16.54) | 53.17 (16.55) | 52.24 (15.34) | 1.51 | 0.260 | / | −2.39 | 0.072 | 0.366 | −2.34 | 0.072 | 0.322 |
| Wellbeing | 12.55 (6.59) | 11.82 (6.63) | 14.83 (6.65) | 11.85 (4.74) | 1.27 | 0.350 | / | −3.19 | 0.010 | 0.453 | −0.03 | 0.974 | / |
| Family functioning | 6.13 (4.62) | 5.90 (4.66) | 6.43 (3.78) | 4.87 (2.31) | 0.81 | 0.584 | / | −1.11 | 0.426 | / | 1.64 | 0.229 | / |
| Psychological aggression | 7.33 (4.46) | 6.77 (4.07) | 6.19 (3.76) | 4.91 (3.35) | 1.67 | 0.227 | / | 1.46 | 0.268 | / | 3.88 | < 0.001 | 0.499 |
| Corporate punishment | 5.54 (3.81) | 4.90 (3.61) | 4.81 (2.97) | 2.89 (2.48) | 2.10 | 0.098 | 0.172 | 0.25 | 0.928 | / | 4.31 | < 0.001 | 0.649 |
| Physical maltreatment | 2.74 (2.89) | 2.52 (2.69) | 2.63 (2.13) | 1.33 (1.71) | 1.04 | 0.451 | / | −0.39 | 0.841 | / | 3.95 | < 0.001 | 0.528 |
| Self-compassion | 35.85 (7.47) | 36.00 (7.07) | 33.54 (6.11) | 35.83 (6.32) | −0.16 | 0.928 | / | 2.32 | 0.072 | 0.372 | 0.20 | 0.928 | / |
| Connectedness to nature | 43.36 (9.59) | 43.51 (10.10) | 44.88 (9.46) | 44.28 (7.71) | −0.12 | 0.934 | / | −1.26 | 0.350 | / | −0.66 | 0.681 | / |
p-values were after FDR correction.