Figure 13.

Heatmap of the top 20 most abundant bacterial families in the cecal microbiota of broiler chickens across treatment groups. Relative abundance values were log₁₀-transformed and averaged within each treatment group prior to visualization. Darker green indicates higher relative abundance, whereas lighter shades indicate lower relative abundance. Hierarchical clustering showed that probiotic-supplemented groups, particularly the probiotic+vaccine+SE group, were enriched for families within Clostridiales, including Lachnospiraceae, Christensenellaceae, and Ruminococcaceae, compared with the commercial vaccine group.