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. 2026 Oct 15;17:1898587. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2026.1898587

Figure 2.

Figure composed of fifteen grouped bar charts showing relative expression of cytokine genes IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, IFN-g, and TGF-b in cecal tonsils, bursa of Fabricius, and spleen tissues from 9-11 birds per group. Data points indicate each individual bird are overlaid as black dots; statistically significant differences are marked with asterisks. Bird groups are detailed at right, describing probiotic treatments with a control. Each tissue section (A, B, C) presents trends and variation among groups for each cytokine measured.

Cytokine gene expression: (A) Cecal tonsils of birds; (B) Bursa of Fabricius; (C) Spleen. Each bar represents the mean ± SEM of fold change in gene expression from 9–11 birds per treatment group. The P-values between groups were determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons post-hoc test. Only significant comparisons are indicated in the figures.