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. 2026 Oct 15;17:1898587. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2026.1898587

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Copyright © 2026 Dolatyabi, Sharma, Olaitan Shekoni, Suresh, Yadav, Schrock, Wood, Shivalingaiah, Dhakal, Tenney, Rahman, Sanko, Lagos, Abdelaziz and Renukaradhya.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Bar chart with three panels compares percentages of activated B-cells, T-helper cells, and cytotoxic T-cells at two time points, DPC4 and DPC10, across six birds per groups, with significant differences indicated by asterisks above brackets. — Frequency of activated immune cells in the splenocytes of birds: (A) B-cells; (B) T-helper cells; (C) Cytotoxic T cells. Cells isolated at DPC4 and DPC10 were restimulated with OMP+FLA for 48 hr and then subjected to flow cytometry analysis. Each bar represents the mean ± SEM from 6 birds per group. The P-values between groups were determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons post-hoc test. Only significant comparisons are indicated in the figures.