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. 2026 Oct 15;17:1898587. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2026.1898587

Figure 8.

Alpha diversity indices (ACE, Chao1, Observed ASVs, Shannon, and Simpson) are shown as violin plots with jittered points representing individual samples. Group differences were assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s post hoc test (Benjamini-Hochberg-adjusted). Significant global differences among groups were detected for ACE, Chao1, Observed ASVs, and Pielou evenness (p < 0.05), but not for Shannon diversity (p = 0.17); pairwise comparisons remained significant after correction only for Pielou evenness between the control and vaccine+probiotic+SE groups (p.adj = 0.039).

Alpha diversity indices (ACE, Chao1, Observed ASVs, Shannon and Simpson) are shown as violin plots with jittered points representing individual samples. Group differences were assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's post hoc test (Benjamini-Hochberg-adjusted). Significant global differences among groups were detected for ACE, Chao1, Observed ASVs, but not for Shannon diversity (p = 0.17); pairwise comparisons remained significant after correction only for Pielou evenness between the control and vaccine+probiotic+SE groups (p.adj = 0.039).