Skip to main content
. 2026 Oct 15;17:1898587. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2026.1898587

Figure 9.

Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of Bray–Curtis dissimilarities of cecal microbiota by treatment group. Ellipses represent 95% confidence intervals around group centroids. Although the ellipses show partial overlap across groups, PERMANOVA identified a significant, moderate-effect-size difference in overall community composition (R2 = 0.378, p = 0.001, 999 permutations). PERMDISP indicated significant heterogeneity in within-group dispersion (F = 3.676, p = 0.006), which may contribute to some of the apparent overlap and should be considered when interpreting group separation visually. Probiotic+vaccine (red) clustered separately from the commercial vaccine group (brown), while probiotic (purple) and probiotic+vaccine (red) showed greater overlap, consistent with the pairwise PERMANOVA result that these two groups did not differ significantly from each other (p = 0.355) despite each differing significantly from the commercial vaccine group (p = 0.016).

Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of Bray–Curtis dissimilarities of cecal microbiota by treatment group. Ellipses represent 95% confidence intervals around group centroids. Although the ellipses show partial overlap across groups, PERMANOVA identified a significant, moderate-effect-size difference in overall community composition (R2 = 0.378, p = 0.001, 999 permutations). PERMDISP indicated significant heterogeneity in within-group dispersion (F = 3.676, p = 0.006), which may contribute to some of the apparent overlap and should be considered when interpreting group separation visually. Probiotic+vaccine (red) clustered separately from the commercial vaccine group (brown), while probiotic (purple) and probiotic+vaccine (red) showed greater overlap, consistent with the pairwise PERMANOVA result that these two groups did not differ significantly from each other (p = 0.355) despite each differing significantly from the commercial vaccine group (p = 0.016).