Table 5.

Effect size of robot-assisted therapy on BBS in patients with stroke.

Literature	Effect size	95% CI	p-value	Statistical significance
Luo et al. (2023) (23)	3.29a	(1.64,4.94)	<0.001	Significant
Gao et al. (2026) (35)	3.59a	(0.25,6.93)	0.04	Significant
Guo et al. (2013) (17)	3.13a	(0.80,5.45)	0.008	Significant
Li et al. (2018) (18)	0.62b	(0.32,0.92)	<0.001	Significant
Chang et al. (2024) (29)	3.62a	(1.21,6.03)	0.003	Significant
Peng et al. (2025) (34)	2.24c	(0.57,3,91)	0.009	Significant
Guo et al. (2025) (33)	6.40a	(5.74,7.05)	<0.001	Significant
Yang et al. (2018) (19)	7.20a	(4.18,10.23)	<0.0001	Significant
Chen et al. (2024) (24)	-0.55b	(−0.99,-0.12)	0.01	Significant
Hao et al. (2025) (30)	10.64a	(8.04,13.25)	<0.001	Significant
Hu et al. (2024) (25)	4.55a	(3.00,6.11)	<0.001	Significant
Lee et al. (2024) (26)	0.05a	(−0.23,0.32)	0.74	Non-significant
Liang et al. (2024) (27)	1.18b	(−0.16,3.37)	0.071	Non-significant
Liu et al. (2025) (31)	3.21a	(0.96,5.46)	0.005	Significant
Moucheboeuf et al. (2020) (21)	4.16 a	(2.60,5.71)	0.000	Significant
Wang et al. (2025) (32)	6.98a	(3.06,10.89)	<0.001	Significant
Wu et al. (2023) (22)	2.71a	(1.39,4.03)	<0.001	Significant
Zheng et al. (2019) (20)	4.64a	(3.22,6.04)	<0.01	Significant
Yang et al. (2024) (28)	2.34a	(0.21,4.47)	0.03	Significant

^aMean difference, ^bstandardized mean difference, ^cweighted mean differences. BBS, the Berg Balance Scale.