Table 6.

Effect size of robot-assisted therapy on FMA-LE in patients with stroke.

Literature	Effect Size	95% CI	p-value	Statistical significance
Luo et al. (2023) (23)	3.04a	(1.73,4.35)	<0.001	Significant
Gao et al. (2026) (35)	4.02a	(3.51,4.53)	<0.001	Significant
Guo et al. (2013) (17)	3.97 a	(2.84,5.10)	<0.001	Significant
Li et al. (2018) (18)	0.76b	(0.46,1.07)	<0.001	Significant
Chang et al. (2024) (29)	2.63a	(1.87,3.38)	<0.001	Significant
Peng et al. (2025) (34)	2.30c	(1.39,3.21)	<0.001	Significant
Guo et al. (2025) (33)	3.87a	(2.87,4.87)	<0.001	Significant
Yang et al. (2018) (19)	4.69a	(2.40,6.97)	<0.001	Significant
Hao et al. (2025) (30)	5.05a	(3.90,6.20)	<0.001	Significant
Hu et al. (2024) (25)	2.10a	(0.62,3.59)	0.005	Significant
Lee et al. (2024) (26)	0.21a	(−0.04,0.47)	0.12	Non-significant
Liang et al. (2024) (27)	0.32b	(0.10,0.55)	0.005	Significant
Wang et al. (2025) (32)	3.17a	(2.34,3.99)	<0.001	Significant
Wu et al. (2023) (22)	1.27a	(−0.88,3.42)	0.25	Non-significant
Yang et al. (2024) (28)	1.15a	(0.29,2.01)	0.009	Significant

^aMean difference, ^bstandardized mean difference, ^cweighted mean differences. FMA-LE, Fugl-Meyer Assessment—Lower Extremity.