Table 3.

Gap subtypes, responsible actors and matching interventions.

Gap subtype	Missing resource	Primary responsible actors	Corpus evidence	Matching intervention	Does not close the gap on its own
Skills access	Accessible, time-feasible, AI-relevant training	Policy actors; employers	D03, D16, D18	Targeting of under-reached groups; paid learning time; low-prerequisite entry points	Increasing training volume
Participation	Worker voice in technology design and implementation	Employers; social partners	D06, D07, D09, D18	Consultation and co-design before adoption; technical capacity of worker representatives	Training provision
Psychosocial prevention	Risk assessment and prevention covering digital demands	Employers; OSH authorities	D06, D09, D12	Psychosocial risk assessment of digital tools; autonomy treated as a design parameter	Reskilling
Protection	Effective social protection for non-standard workers	Policy actors	D14, D16	Effective rather than formal access to protection; transition support	Training; consultation
Organizational capacity	Financial, informational and staffing capacity	Policy actors; intermediary bodies	D06, D09, D12, D13	Capacity support; cover for release time; shared services	Cost subsidies or regulation alone

Corpus evidence lists documents with page-referenced statements on each subtype; the right-hand column indicates interventions that, on the evidence of the corpus, do not close the gap on their own.