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. 2026 Oct 16;14:1976532. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2026.1976532

FIGURE 1.

Infographic presents sources, isolation methods, and characterization techniques for extracellular vesicles in wound repair. Sources include MSCs, skin cells, immune cells, and plants. Isolation methods shown are ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration, polymer precipitation, immunoaffinity, and exclusion chromatography. Structural diagram illustrates vesicle biogenesis and markers like CD9, CD63, and CD81. Characterization techniques include TEM, DLS, Western blot, and flow cytometry.

The major sources, isolation strategies and identification methods of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs can be derived from multiple sources, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), immune cells, skin-resident cells and plant cells. Representative isolation methods include ultracentrifugation (UC), precipitation, ultrafiltration (UF), size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), and immunoaffinity capture (IAC). EV characterization includes morphological and particle-size analyses using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS), together with the assessment of EV-associated positive and negative protein markers by Western blotting or flow cytometry.