TABLE 1.

Comparison of quality control among different EV isolation methods.

Isolation method	Recovery	Purity	Structural integrity	Biological activity	Major contaminants	Batch reproducibility	References
Ultracentrifugation	High	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Soluble proteins, protein aggregates	Moderate	(Gardiner et al., 2016)
Precipitation	High	Low	Moderate	Moderate-low	Soluble proteins, lipoproteins, polymer residues	High	(Buschmann et al., 2021)
Ultrafiltration	High	Moderate	High	High	Similarly sized particles, membrane-retained impurities	High	(Buschmann et al., 2021)
Immunoaffinity capture	Low	Very high	High	High	Minimal non-specific contaminants	Moderate	(Ragni, 2025)
SEC	Moderate	High	High	High	Minimal soluble proteins and lipoproteins	High	(Böing et al., 2014)