Table 2.

Changes after intervention

		ME group (n=24) (male n=6 / female n=18)						E group (n=27) (male n=7 / female n=20)
		Pre		Post		Cohen's d	p-value *	Pre		Post		Cohen's d	p-value *	Two-way analysis of variance
		Mean	SD	Mean	SD			Mean	SD	Mean	SD			Time		Group		Interaction
Anthropometrics
	Body weight (kg)	55.2	9.0	56.1	8.9	0.99	<0.001	53.5	11.4	53.6	11.1	0.19	0.341	<0.001		0.474		0.006
	BMI (kg/m2)	23.1	3.0	23.5	3.0	1.03	<0.001	22.7	3.4	22.7	3.3	0.21	0.276	<0.001		0.511		0.005
	Waist circumference (cm)	86.9	9.8	85.5	11.0	0.43	0.045	83.3	10.7	80.9	10.4	0.48	0.019	0.003		0.160		0.425
	Calf circumference (cm)	34.2	3.1	34.3	2.8	0.07	0.747	34.0	3.7	33.6	3.4	0.20	0.298	0.446		0.627		0.297
Resting blood pressure
	Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	134.5	14.1	134.7	14.4	0.02	0.928	141.7	14.5	141.8	17.4	0.01	0.975	0.941		0.059		0.982
	Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	79.2	9.2	79.6	8.7	0.08	0.703	84.8	9.6	85.7	8.8	0.10	0.609	0.536		0.015		0.814
Upper and lower limb strength
	Arm curl test (reps)	18.8	4.6	20.1	4.0	0.46	0.033	16.9	3.9	18.0	4.8	0.35	0.084	0.006		0.083		0.797
	30-s chair stand test (reps)	15.8	4.2	16.4	4.0	0.36	0.090	14.6	3.5	15.6	2.5	0.46	0.025	0.006		0.308		0.395
Muscle strength
	Handgrip strength (kg)	26.9	8.5	26.0	7.7	0.50	0.022	24.3	8.4	24.2	7.7	0.02	0.915	0.115		0.332		0.156
Gait speed
	Normal speed (m/s)	1.3	0.3	1.2	0.2	0.89	<0.001	1.3	0.3	1.2	0.2	0.50	0.162	0.002		0.943		0.414
	Maximum speed (m/s)	1.7	0.4	1.6	0.3	0.48	0.033	1.6	0.4	1.6	0.3	0.38	0.116	0.007		0.681		0.510
Body composition
	Body fat (%)	30.8	7.1	32.7	7.7	0.62	0.006	29.2	6.8	29.9	6.2	0.25	0.199	0.002		0.257		0.120
	Skeletal muscle index (kg/m2)	6.3	1.0	6.2	1.0	0.53	0.016	6.3	1.2	6.0	1.1	1.00	<0.001	<0.001		0.762		0.134
Frailty
	Robust (n, %)	(11, 45.8%)						(13, 48.1%)
	Prefrail (n, %)	(13, 54.2%)						(12, 44.4%)
	Frail (n, %)	(0, 0%)						(2, 7.4%)

Effect size (Cohen’s d): small, d = 0.2 to <0.5; moderate, d = 0.5 to <0.8; large, d ≥0.8

*Paired t-test