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. 2026 Jul 26;21:134. doi: 10.1186/s13021-026-00491-9

Fig. 13.

Fig. 13

PLS-SEM of direct and indirect climatic effects on GPP mediated by NIRv. Arrows denote causal paths among climatic variables, NIRv, and GPP. Red arrows indicate positive effects, whereas blue arrows indicate negative effects. Line thickness is proportional to the absolute standardized path coefficient, with thicker line representing stronger effects. Numbers next to lines are standardized path coefficients