Table 5.
Results of leave-one-out sensitivity analyses.
| Factor | Model used | Scenario | Study removed | k | Fisher’s Z (95% CI) | I2 (%) | τ2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Educational level | Fixed-effect (M-H) | Original (all studies) | — | 4 | SMD = −0.30 [−0.42, −0.19] | 29.0 | — |
| Leave-one-out | Duan S. Y. et al., 2024 (30) | 3 | SMD = −0.25 [−0.38, −0.11] | 3 | — | ||
| Leave-one-out | Fang H. L. et al., 2021 (27) | 3 | SMD = −0.29 [−0.42, −0.17] | 51 | — | ||
| Leave-one-out | Wu M. R. et al., 2025 (28) | 3 | SMD = −0.31 [−0.44, −0.17] | 52 | — | ||
| Leave-one-out | Zhao X. et al., 2025 (29) | 3 | SMD = −0.36 [−0.49, −0.23] | 0 | — | ||
| Night-shift frequency | Random-effects (DL) | Original (all studies) | — | 2 | SMD = 0.29 [0.18, 0.40] | 42.0 | — |
| Leave-one-out | Wu M. R. et al., 2025 (28) | 1 | — | — | — | ||
| Leave-one-out | Zhao X. et al., 2025 (29) | 1 | — | — | — | ||
| Employment type | Fixed-effect (M-H) | Original (all studies) | — | 3 | SMD = 0.56 [0.40, 0.72] | 0.0 | — |
| Leave-one-out | Wang B. J. et al., 2025 (36) | 2 | SMD = 0.46 [0.23, 0.69] | 0.0 | — | ||
| Leave-one-out | Lian Q. et al., 2025 (35) | 2 | SMD = 0.62 [0.42, 0.81] | 0.0 | — | ||
| Leave-one-out | Duan S. Y. et al., 2024 (30) | 2 | SMD = 0.57 [0.40, 0.74] | 20 | — | ||
| Self-efficacy | Random-effects (DL) | Original (all studies) | — | 3 | Fisher’s Z = 0.70 [0.34, 1.06] | 99 | 0.10 |
| Leave-one-out | Jiang F. R. et al., 2023 (37) | 2 | Fisher’s Z = 0.84 [0.45, 1.22] | 99 | 0.08 | ||
| Leave-one-out | Li G. Z. et al., 2024 (38) | 2 | Fisher’s Z = 0.53 [0.32, 0.74] | 93 | 0.02 | ||
| Leave-one-out | Li M. L. et al., 2022 (31) | 2 | Fisher’s Z = 0.73 [0.13, 1.33] | 99 | 0.18 | ||
| Professional identity | Random-effects (DL) | Original (all studies) | — | 3 | Fisher’s Z = 1.27 [0.72, 1.82] | 98 | 0.23 |
| Leave-one-out | Zhong Y. et al., 2025 (34) | 2 | Fisher’s Z = 1.04 [0.65, 1.42] | 94 | 0.07 | ||
| Leave-one-out | Luo Z. J. 2023 (33) | 2 | Fisher’s Z = 1.49 [0.99, 2.00] | 97 | 0.13 | ||
| Leave-one-out | Lian Q. et al., 2025 (35) | 2 | Fisher’s Z = 1.29 [0.40, 2.18] | 99 | 0.41 | ||
| Perceived organizational support | Random-effects (DL) | Original (all studies) | — | 3 | Fisher’s Z = 0.65 [0.32, 0.97] | 97 | 0.08 |
| Leave-one-out | Duan S. Y. et al., 2024 (30) | 2 | Fisher’s Z = 0.65 [0.05, 1.25] | 98 | 0.18 | ||
| Leave-one-out | Jiang F. R. et al., 2023 (37) | 2 | Fisher’s Z = 0.80 [0.50, 1.10] | 92 | 0.04 | ||
| Leave-one-out | Lian Q. et al., 2025 (35) | 2 | Fisher’s Z = 0.50 [0.19, 0.80] | 95 | 0.05 | ||
| Empowering leadership | Random-effects (DL) | Original (all studies) | — | 2 | Fisher’s Z = 0.67 [0.55, 0.79] | 93 | 0.01 |
| Leave-one-out | Xu X. X. et al., 2023 (39) | 1 | — | — | — | ||
| Leave-one-out | Wu M. R. et al., 2025 (28) | 1 | — | — | — |