Table 2.
Fully adjusted model examining associations between pharmacological burden and cognitive performance across five domains
| Predictor | β | SE | t-value | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attention (R2: 0.45, n = 75) | ||||
| Age | −0.02 | 0.00 | −4.67 | <0.01 |
| Sex (female) | 0.12 | 0.06 | 1.92 | 0.06 |
| DDD | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.31 | 0.76 |
| CALS total score | 0.05 | 0.04 | 1.32 | 0.19 |
| Diazepam equivalent mg | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.24 | 0.81 |
| Total number of manic episodes | −0.03 | 0.01 | −4.17 | <0.01 |
| Total number of depressive episodes | −0.00 | 0.00 | −2.06 | 0.04 |
| Lifetime psychotic symptoms | 0.10 | 0.06 | 1.64 | 0.11 |
| HDRS score | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.80 | 0.42 |
| Interaction DDD:CALS | 0.00 | 0.01 | −0.31 | 0.76 |
| Executive functions (R2: 0.33, n = 77) | ||||
| Age | −0.02 | 0.00 | −4.59 | <0.01 |
| Sex (female) | 0.11 | 0.08 | 1.41 | 0.16 |
| DDD | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.68 | 0.50 |
| CALS total score | 0.06 | 0.05 | 1.18 | 0.24 |
| Diazepam equivalent mg | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.36 | 0.72 |
| Total number of manic episodes | −0.02 | 0.01 | −1.62 | 0.11 |
| Total number of depressive episodes | 0.00 | 0.00 | −1.37 | 0.17 |
| Lifetime psychotic symptoms | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.18 | 0.86 |
| HDRS score | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.59 | 0.56 |
| Interaction DDD:CALS | −0.02 | 0.02 | −1.20 | 0.24 |
| Visual and verbal memory (R2: 0.47, n = 85) | ||||
| Age | −0.02 | 0.00 | −5.60 | <0.01 |
| Sex (female) | 0.12 | 0.07 | 1.63 | 0.11 |
| DDD | 0.07 | 0.05 | 1.21 | 0.23 |
| CALS total score | 0.08 | 0.04 | 1.81 | 0.08 |
| Diazepam equivalent mg | −0.01 | 0.00 | −2.44 | 0.02 |
| Total number of manic episodes | −0.03 | 0.01 | −3.03 | <0.01 |
| Total number of depressive episodes | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.20 | 0.23 |
| Lifetime psychotic symptoms | −0.01 | 0.07 | −0.20 | 0.84 |
| HDRS score | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.32 |
| Interaction DDD:CALS | −0.04 | 0.02 | −2.13 | 0.04 |
| Working memory (R2: 0.40, n = 74) | ||||
| Age | −0.01 | 0.00 | −3.93 | <0.01 |
| Sex (female) | 0.09 | 0.05 | 1.65 | 0.10 |
| DDD | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.92 | 0.36 |
| CALS total score | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.61 | 0.55 |
| Diazepam equivalent mg | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.75 | 0.46 |
| Total number of manic episodes | −0.01 | 0.01 | −1.26 | 0.21 |
| Total number of depressive episodes | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.98 | 0.33 |
| Lifetime psychotic symptoms | −0.13 | 0.05 | −2.38 | 0.02 |
| HDRS score | −0.01 | 0.01 | −1.61 | 0.11 |
| Interaction DDD:CALS | −0.01 | 0.01 | −1.17 | 0.25 |
| Processing speed (R2: 0.56, n = 74) | ||||
| Age | −0.04 | 0.00 | −7.25 | <0.01 |
| Sex (female) | 0.10 | 0.09 | 1.16 | 0.25 |
| DDD | 0.00 | 0.03 | −0.10 | 0.92 |
| CALS total score | 0.07 | 0.06 | 1.23 | 0.22 |
| Diazepam equivalent mg | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.38 | 0.70 |
| Total number of manic episodes | −0.05 | 0.01 | −3.51 | <0.01 |
| Total number of depressive episodes | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.90 | 0.37 |
| Lifetime psychotic symptoms | −0.07 | 0.09 | −0.75 | 0.45 |
| HDRS score | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.60 | 0.55 |
| Interaction DDD:CALS | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.52 | 0.61 |
Abbreviations: CALS, CRIDECO Anticholinergic Load Scale; DDD, defined daily dose; HDRS, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.
Note: Models were adjusted for age, sex, diazepam-equivalent dose, total number of manic episodes, total number of depressive episodes, lifetime psychotic symptoms, and depressive symptom severity (HDRS total score). Significant associations (p < 0.05) are shown in bold.