Table 2.

Comparison with selected previously reported ICI-associated RP/chondritis cases.

Report	ICI	Predominant site	Diagnostic support	Immune findings	Treatment	Airway outcome
Mutoh et al. (5)	Pembrolizumab	Bilateral auricles	Auricular biopsy; recurrence on pembrolizumab rechallenge	No serial cellular phenotyping reported	ICI withdrawal; no immunosuppressant required initially	No reported airway involvement
Kuba et al. (6)	Nivolumab	Tracheobronchial tree	CT; positive anti-type II collagen antibody	No serial cellular phenotyping reported	Systemic corticosteroids	Clinical/radiological improvement
Someya et al. (4)	Nivolumab	Trachea and bilateral bronchi	CT, FDG-PET/CT, bronchoscopy and bronchial biopsy	T-cell-predominant tissue infiltrate with CD4+ and CD8+ cells	High-dose corticosteroids	Rapid symptomatic and CT improvement
Present case	Pembrolizumab	Airway-predominant; costal inflammation	Serial CT, bronchoscopy and pulmonary function; no airway/cartilage biopsy	Exploratory serial peripheral CD38+/HLA-DR+ CD8+ measurements;	Glucocorticoids, tofacitinib, methotrexate, abatacept, tocilizumab; later stenting	Progressive structural airway disease requiring bilateral main-bronchial stents and long-term follow-up