Skip to main content
. 2026 Oct 23;8:1932062. doi: 10.3389/ftox.2026.1932062

FIGURE 3.

Four-panel figure showing line charts comparing DNA damage parameters for five treatments across concentrations: Panel A, Tail Length (µm); Panel B, Tail Moment; Panel C, Olive Moment; Panel D, Percent DNA in Tail. Cyphenothrin AI, encapsulated and released Bombex Farumy, positive and untreated controls are differentiated by color and shape. Error bars indicate variability, with upward trends in most parameters at higher concentrations, especially for Cyphenothrin AI and positive control.

Genotoxic effects of cyphenothrin and its formulation on HL60 cells. The graphs show four comet assay parameters: (A) tail length, (B) tail moment, (C) Olive tail moment, and (D) % DNA in tail measured after 1-h exposure to different concentrations (0–200 µM) of cyphenothrin active ingredient and its encapsulated and released formulation Bombex Farumy. Error bars represent standard error of the mean of three independent experiments (one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc test vs. untreated control). Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences compared to untreated control (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001); exact values are presented in Supplementary Table S1.