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. 2026 Oct 23;8:1932062. doi: 10.3389/ftox.2026.1932062

FIGURE 4.

Four-panel grouped line graphs display DNA comet assay results with error bars for four treatments across concentrations. Panel A shows tail length, Panel B tail moment, Panel C olive moment, and Panel D percent DNA in tail. Markers distinguish cyphenothrin AI, encapsulated and released Bombex Farumy, positive control, and untreated control. At higher concentrations, all three experimental treatments show increasing DNA damage metrics, while positive control consistently has the highest values for all metrics.

Genotoxic effects of cyphenothrin formulations on HepG2 cells. The graphs show four comet assay parameters: (A) tail length, (B) tail moment, (C) Olive tail moment, and (D) % DNA in tail measured after 1-h exposure to different concentrations (0–1,000 µM) of cyphenothrin active ingredient and Bombex Farumy in encapsulated and released form. Error bars represent standard error of the mean of three independent experiments (one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc test vs. untreated control). Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences compared to untreated control (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001); exact values are presented in Supplementary Table S1.