TABLE 1.
Statistically significant cytotoxicity and genotoxicity effects of cyphenothrin active ingredient, encapsulated Bombex Farumy, and released Bombex Farumy relative to untreated control, by cell line, endpoint, and concentration.
| Assay | Cell line | Endpoint | Chemical | Conc. (µM) | Mean diff. ± SE | p (vs. control) | p (4 endpoint Holm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cytotoxicity | HL60 | % viability | Cyphenothrin AI | 200 | −19.50 ± 3.681 | <0.001 | n/a |
| Cytotoxicity | HL60 | % viability | Cyphenothrin AI | 300 | −32.50 ± 3.681 | <0.001 | n/a |
| Cytotoxicity | HL60 | % viability | Cyphenothrin AI | 500 | −35.50 ± 3.681 | <0.001 | n/a |
| Cytotoxicity | HL60 | % viability | Cyphenothrin AI | 750 | −73.17 ± 3.681 | <0.001 | n/a |
| Cytotoxicity | HL60 | % viability | Cyphenothrin AI | 1,000 | −94.50 ± 3.681 | <0.001 | n/a |
| Cytotoxicity | HL60 | % viability | Released Bombex Farumy | 500 | −16.50 ± 5.056 | 0.028 | n/a |
| Cytotoxicity | HL60 | % viability | Released Bombex Farumy | 750 | −25.00 ± 5.539 | 0.002 | n/a |
| Cytotoxicity | HL60 | % viability | Released Bombex Farumy | 1,000 | −41.83 ± 5.056 | <0.001 | n/a |
| Cytotoxicity | HL60 | % viability | Encapsulated Bombex Farumy | 200 | −14.83 ± 4.145 | 0.013 | n/a |
| Cytotoxicity | HL60 | % viability | Encapsulated Bombex Farumy | 300 | −16.83 ± 4.145 | 0.004 | n/a |
| Cytotoxicity | HL60 | % viability | Encapsulated Bombex Farumy | 500 | −27.17 ± 4.145 | <0.001 | n/a |
| Cytotoxicity | HL60 | % viability | Encapsulated Bombex Farumy | 750 | −37.50 ± 4.145 | <0.001 | n/a |
| Cytotoxicity | HL60 | % viability | Encapsulated Bombex Farumy | 1,000 | −52.50 ± 4.145 | <0.001 | n/a |
| Cytotoxicity | HepG2 | % viability | Cyphenothrin AI | 2000 | −8.17 ± 2.559 | 0.050 | n/a |
| Cytotoxicity | HepG2 | % viability | Cyphenothrin AI | 4,000 | −20.67 ± 2.559 | <0.001 | n/a |
| Cytotoxicity | HepG2 | % viability | Released Bombex Farumy | 2000 | −16.17 ± 3.437 | 0.003 | n/a |
| Cytotoxicity | HepG2 | % viability | Released Bombex Farumy | 4,000 | −23.17 ± 3.437 | <0.001 | n/a |
| Cytotoxicity | HepG2 | % viability | Encapsulated Bombex Farumy | 1,000 | −8.67 ± 2.439 | 0.025 | n/a |
| Cytotoxicity | HepG2 | % viability | Encapsulated Bombex Farumy | 2000 | −8.17 ± 2.439 | 0.037 | n/a |
| Cytotoxicity | HepG2 | % viability | Encapsulated Bombex Farumy | 4,000 | −21.67 ± 2.439 | <0.001 | n/a |
| Genotoxicity | HL60 | % DNA in tail | Cyphenothrin AI | 100 | 26.17 ± 6.805 | 0.013 | 0.025 |
| Genotoxicity | HL60 | % DNA in tail | Cyphenothrin AI | 200 | 27.67 ± 6.086 | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Genotoxicity | HL60 | Tail length (µm) | Cyphenothrin AI | 100 | 57.00 ± 9.753 | <0.001 | 0.002 |
| Genotoxicity | HL60 | Tail length (µm) | Cyphenothrin AI | 150 | 62.00 ± 9.753 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Genotoxicity | HL60 | Tail length (µm) | Cyphenothrin AI | 200 | 51.33 ± 8.723 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| Genotoxicity | HL60 | Tail length (µm) | Released Bombex Farumy | 50 | 34.00 ± 6.700 | 0.002 | 0.010 |
| Genotoxicity | HL60 | Tail length (µm) | Released Bombex Farumy | 100 | 46.00 ± 6.700 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| Genotoxicity | HL60 | Tail length (µm) | Released Bombex Farumy | 200 | 28.00 ± 6.700 | 0.010 | 0.039 |
| Genotoxicity | HL60 | Tail length (µm) | Encapsulated Bombex Farumy | 1 | 33.50 ± 6.486 | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Genotoxicity | HL60 | Tail length (µm) | Encapsulated Bombex Farumy | 50 | 28.00 ± 6.486 | 0.005 | 0.021 |
| Genotoxicity | HL60 | Tail length (µm) | Encapsulated Bombex Farumy | 100 | 21.33 ± 5.802 | 0.017 | 0.069* |
| Genotoxicity | HL60 | Tail length (µm) | Encapsulated Bombex Farumy | 150 | 31.00 ± 6.486 | 0.002 | 0.009 |
| Genotoxicity | HL60 | Tail moment | Cyphenothrin AI | 100 | 30.83 ± 5.808 | <0.001 | 0.003 |
| Genotoxicity | HL60 | Tail moment | Cyphenothrin AI | 150 | 27.83 ± 5.808 | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Genotoxicity | HL60 | Tail moment | Cyphenothrin AI | 200 | 30.67 ± 5.195 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| Genotoxicity | HL60 | Tail moment | Released Bombex Farumy | 100 | 20.83 ± 6.089 | 0.034 | 0.101* |
| Genotoxicity | HL60 | Tail moment | Encapsulated Bombex Farumy | 1 | 10.83 ± 3.495 | 0.049 | 0.147* |
| Genotoxicity | HL60 | Tail moment | Encapsulated Bombex Farumy | 150 | 11.33 ± 3.495 | 0.038 | 0.113* |
| Genotoxicity | HL60 | Olive tail moment | Cyphenothrin AI | 100 | 8.17 ± 2.576 | 0.043 | 0.043 |
| Genotoxicity | HL60 | Olive tail moment | Cyphenothrin AI | 150 | 8.17 ± 2.576 | 0.043 | 0.086* |
| Genotoxicity | HL60 | Olive tail moment | Cyphenothrin AI | 200 | 11.00 ± 2.304 | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Genotoxicity | HepG2 | % DNA in tail | Cyphenothrin AI | 1,000 | 28.39 ± 5.330 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Genotoxicity | HepG2 | % DNA in tail | Released Bombex Farumy | 1,000 | 35.26 ± 6.980 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Genotoxicity | HepG2 | Tail length (µm) | Cyphenothrin AI | 100 | 23.54 ± 8.056 | 0.045 | 0.181* |
| Genotoxicity | HepG2 | Tail length (µm) | Cyphenothrin AI | 500 | 26.22 ± 8.056 | 0.020 | 0.078* |
| Genotoxicity | HepG2 | Tail length (µm) | Cyphenothrin AI | 1,000 | 38.00 ± 8.056 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Genotoxicity | HepG2 | Tail length (µm) | Released Bombex Farumy | 1,000 | 30.11 ± 8.143 | 0.007 | 0.007 |
| Genotoxicity | HepG2 | Tail moment | Cyphenothrin AI | 1,000 | 29.63 ± 5.102 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Genotoxicity | HepG2 | Tail moment | Released Bombex Farumy | 1,000 | 31.68 ± 7.048 | <0.001 | 0.002 |
| Genotoxicity | HepG2 | Tail moment | Encapsulated Bombex Farumy | 1,000 | 16.64 ± 5.584 | 0.039 | 0.118* |
| Genotoxicity | HepG2 | Olive tail moment | Cyphenothrin AI | 1,000 | 10.44 ± 1.760 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Genotoxicity | HepG2 | Olive tail moment | Released Bombex Farumy | 1,000 | 15.62 ± 2.743 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Genotoxicity | HepG2 | Olive tail moment | Encapsulated Bombex Farumy | 1,000 | 5.85 ± 1.767 | 0.017 | 0.067* |
| Cytotoxicity | HL60 | % viability | Positive control (100 μM H2O2) | 100 | −47.20 ± 10.043 | 0.039 | n/a |
| Cytotoxicity | HepG2 | % Viability | Positive Control (100 μM H2O2) | 100 | −10.10 ± 2.709 | 0.091 | n/a |
| Genotoxicity | HL60 | % DNA in tail | Positive control (100 μM H2O2) | 100 | 14.00 ± 4.819 | 0.048 | 0.048 |
| Genotoxicity | HL60 | Tail length (µm) | Positive control (100 μM H2O2) | 100 | 32.30 ± 4.596 | 0.015 | 0.046 |
| Genotoxicity | HL60 | Tail moment | Positive control (100 μM H2O2) | 100 | 12.03 ± 1.702 | 0.004 | 0.017 |
| Genotoxicity | HL60 | Olive tail moment | Positive control (100 μM H2O2) | 100 | 4.34 ± 1.105 | 0.020 | 0.046 |
| Genotoxicity | HepG2 | % DNA in tail | Positive control (100 μM H2O2) | 100 | 45.70 ± 3.492 | 0.005 | 0.014 |
| Genotoxicity | HepG2 | Tail length (µm) | Positive control (100 μM H2O2) | 100 | 57.40 ± 5.083 | <0.001 | 0.002 |
| Genotoxicity | HepG2 | Tail moment | Positive Control (100 μM H2O2) | 100 | 57.92 ± 5.566 | 0.038 | 0.064* |
| Genotoxicity | HepG2 | Olive tail moment | Positive Control (100 μM H2O2) | 100 | 22.19 ± 1.793 | 0.032 | 0.064* |
IC50 (HL60): cyphenothrin AI 792.29 μM (95% CI 473.77–1,110.82 μM); encapsulated and released Bombex Farumy exceed 1,000 μM (model fits unstable beyond the tested range). IC50 (HepG2): all three test formulations exceed 4,000 μM. Direct Holm-corrected released vs. encapsulated contrasts reached significance at none of the 74 concentration × endpoint × cell line combinations tested (smallest Holm-adjusted p = 0.42, HL60 cytotoxicity at 500 μM). Entries marked with an asterisk (*) did not remain significant after a further Holm correction applied across the four comet endpoints tested per chemical × cell line × concentration. Positive control (100 μM H2O2) results are included for reference; because the positive control was tested at a single concentration and was not part of the Dunnett multiple comparison family used for the three test chemicals, its p values were instead obtained from a two sample Welch’s t-test against untreated control, with the same four endpoint Holm correction applied to its genotoxicity p values for consistency.