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Most common pedicled flap reconstructions for thoracic wall defects. (A) Myocutaneous latissimus dorsi flap. (B) One-side split pectoralis major muscle flap (turnover). (C) Bilateral partial pectoralis major muscle turnover flaps. (D) TRAM flap. (E) VRAM flap. Created in BioRender. Kuhtin, O. (2026). https://BioRender.com/z6axo57. TRAM, transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous; VRAM, vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous.
