Effects of small temporal fluctuations of timings, durations, and amplitudes of the periodic inputs on the phase-to-rate transformation. To test the effects of temporal fluctuations, we added Gaussian noise on the parameters and with standard deviations of 5% of the original parameter values. (a) The phase-to-rate transformation when (mV) and (nS) without (the gray line) and with (the black line) fluctuations. (b) The phase-to-rate transformation when (mV) and (nS) without (the gray line) and with (the black line) fluctuations. In both panels a and b, T = 25 (ms), (ms), and (nS), realizing a 1:2 phase-locked response, i.e., 20 Hz firing in the absence of GABAergic inputs and of fluctuation on glutamatergic inputs.