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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2006 Mar 6.
Published in final edited form as: Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Aug 23;41(7):948–957. doi: 10.1086/432941

Table 2.

Base excess value and lactate concentration across levels of risk factors in African children with malaria, by site.

Mean value ± SD
Base excess value
Lactate concentration, mmol/L
Risk factor Blantyre, Malawi Kilifi, Kenya Kumasi, Ghana Blantyre, Malawi Kumasi, Ghana
Vomiting
 Yes 1.2 ± 4.8 −9.1 ± 5.3 −5.6 ± 5.1 4.9 ± 4.1 4.4 ± ±.4
 No 1.8 ± 4.3 37.7 ± 4.4 −5.4 ± 4.6 4.6 ± 3.8 3.9 ± 3.1
Seizures
 Yes 0.4 ± 5.0 −8.2 ± 4.3 −5.6 ± 4.9 5.5 ± 4.3 4.1 ± 3.1
 No 1.8 ± 4.4 −8.1 ± 4.8 −5.4 ± 4.9 4.5 ± 3.8 4.2 ± 3.4
Deep breathing
 Yes −3.6 ± 7.3 −13.3 ± 6.3 −8.9 ± 6.0 7.9 ± 5.3 7.1 ± 4.6
 No 1.8 ± 4.2 −7.5 ± 4.1 −4.8 ± 4.4 4.5 ± 3.8 3.6 ± 2.6
Indrawing
 Yes −3.2 ± 6.0 −10.0 ± 5.7 −8.0 ± 5.9 7.5 ± 5.2 6.3 ± 4.5
 No 1.6 ± 4.4 −7.8 ± 4.5 −4.9 ± 4.4 4.6 ± 3.8 3.7 ± 2.6
Irregular breathing
 Yes −2.8 ± 6.0 −12.0 ± 6.3 −9.0 ± 6.5 7.7 ± 5.3 6.9 ± 5.2
 No 1.7 ± 4.± ±8.0 ± 4.7 −5.± 3 4.7 4.6 ± 3.8 4.0 ± 3.0
Unable to sit
 Yes 0.1 ± 5.5 −10.0 ± 5.5 −6.7 ± 5.4 5.5 ± 4.3 5.1 ± 3.8
 No 2.0 ± 4.0 −7.4 ± 4.2 −4.4 ± 4.1 4.4 ± 3.7 ±.3 ± 2.3
Anemia
 Yes −0.7 ± 6.5 −9.7 ± 5.7 −6.6 ± 5.5 8.0 ± 5.0 5.8 ± 4.5
 No 1.7 ± 4.3 −7.9 ± 4.5 −5.1 ± 4.6 4.4 ± 3.6 3.5 ± 2.4
Hyperparasitemia
 Yes −0.6 ± 5.2 −10.3 ± 4.8 −7.1 ± 5.2 5.9 ± 4.4 5.3 ± 3.2
 No 1.6 ± 4.5 −7.9 ± 4.7 −5.3 ± 4.8 4.6 ± 3.9 4.0 ± 3.2
Hypoglycemia
 Yes −5.0 ± 5.8 −13.0 ± 5.9 −11.8 ± 6.1 9.5 ± 5.6 8.8 ± 5.8
 No 1.7 ± 4.4 −7.8 ± 4.5 −5.1 ± 4.6 4.6 ± 3.8 3.9 ± 2.9
Hyperlactatemia
 Yes 0.3 ± 5.1 −9.4 ± 5.3
 No 2.1 ± 4.1 −4.2 ± 4.0
Blantyre coma score
 ≤2
   Yes −3.1 ± 7.1 −10.9 ± 5.5 −8.5 ± 6.3 8.8 ± 5.3 6.3 ± 4.7
   No 1.8 ± 4.2 −7.8 ± 4.5 −5.1 ± 4.5 4.5 ± 3.7 3.8 ± 2.9
 ≤4
   Yes −2.4 ± 6.5 −10.1 ± 5.5 −7.6 ± 6.0 7.8 ± 5.1 5.7 ± 4.3
   No 1.9 ± 4.1 −7.6 ± 4.4 −4.8 ± 4.3 4.4 ± 3.6 3.6 ± 2.6
BE value less than or equal to −8
 Yes 10.1 ± 5.8 6.9 ± 4.7
 No 4.6 ± 3.6 3.3 ± 1.8

NOTE. t Tests were used to compare base excess (BE) values and lactate concentrations across levels of risk factors, by site. P values for each BE comparison were <.001, except for vomiting in Blantyre (P = .003), seizures in Kilifi (P > .10), and vomiting and seizures in Kumasi (P > .10 for each). P values for each lactate comparison were < .001, except for vomiting in Blantyre (P = .02) and seizures in Kumasi (P > .10).