Table 2.
Base excess value and lactate concentration across levels of risk factors in African children with malaria, by site.
| Mean value ± SD
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Base excess value
|
Lactate concentration, mmol/L
|
||||
| Risk factor | Blantyre, Malawi | Kilifi, Kenya | Kumasi, Ghana | Blantyre, Malawi | Kumasi, Ghana |
| Vomiting | |||||
| Yes | 1.2 ± 4.8 | −9.1 ± 5.3 | −5.6 ± 5.1 | 4.9 ± 4.1 | 4.4 ± ±.4 |
| No | 1.8 ± 4.3 | 37.7 ± 4.4 | −5.4 ± 4.6 | 4.6 ± 3.8 | 3.9 ± 3.1 |
| Seizures | |||||
| Yes | 0.4 ± 5.0 | −8.2 ± 4.3 | −5.6 ± 4.9 | 5.5 ± 4.3 | 4.1 ± 3.1 |
| No | 1.8 ± 4.4 | −8.1 ± 4.8 | −5.4 ± 4.9 | 4.5 ± 3.8 | 4.2 ± 3.4 |
| Deep breathing | |||||
| Yes | −3.6 ± 7.3 | −13.3 ± 6.3 | −8.9 ± 6.0 | 7.9 ± 5.3 | 7.1 ± 4.6 |
| No | 1.8 ± 4.2 | −7.5 ± 4.1 | −4.8 ± 4.4 | 4.5 ± 3.8 | 3.6 ± 2.6 |
| Indrawing | |||||
| Yes | −3.2 ± 6.0 | −10.0 ± 5.7 | −8.0 ± 5.9 | 7.5 ± 5.2 | 6.3 ± 4.5 |
| No | 1.6 ± 4.4 | −7.8 ± 4.5 | −4.9 ± 4.4 | 4.6 ± 3.8 | 3.7 ± 2.6 |
| Irregular breathing | |||||
| Yes | −2.8 ± 6.0 | −12.0 ± 6.3 | −9.0 ± 6.5 | 7.7 ± 5.3 | 6.9 ± 5.2 |
| No | 1.7 ± 4.± | ±8.0 ± 4.7 | −5.± 3 4.7 | 4.6 ± 3.8 | 4.0 ± 3.0 |
| Unable to sit | |||||
| Yes | 0.1 ± 5.5 | −10.0 ± 5.5 | −6.7 ± 5.4 | 5.5 ± 4.3 | 5.1 ± 3.8 |
| No | 2.0 ± 4.0 | −7.4 ± 4.2 | −4.4 ± 4.1 | 4.4 ± 3.7 | ±.3 ± 2.3 |
| Anemia | |||||
| Yes | −0.7 ± 6.5 | −9.7 ± 5.7 | −6.6 ± 5.5 | 8.0 ± 5.0 | 5.8 ± 4.5 |
| No | 1.7 ± 4.3 | −7.9 ± 4.5 | −5.1 ± 4.6 | 4.4 ± 3.6 | 3.5 ± 2.4 |
| Hyperparasitemia | |||||
| Yes | −0.6 ± 5.2 | −10.3 ± 4.8 | −7.1 ± 5.2 | 5.9 ± 4.4 | 5.3 ± 3.2 |
| No | 1.6 ± 4.5 | −7.9 ± 4.7 | −5.3 ± 4.8 | 4.6 ± 3.9 | 4.0 ± 3.2 |
| Hypoglycemia | |||||
| Yes | −5.0 ± 5.8 | −13.0 ± 5.9 | −11.8 ± 6.1 | 9.5 ± 5.6 | 8.8 ± 5.8 |
| No | 1.7 ± 4.4 | −7.8 ± 4.5 | −5.1 ± 4.6 | 4.6 ± 3.8 | 3.9 ± 2.9 |
| Hyperlactatemia | |||||
| Yes | 0.3 ± 5.1 | … | −9.4 ± 5.3 | … | … |
| No | 2.1 ± 4.1 | … | −4.2 ± 4.0 | … | … |
| Blantyre coma score | |||||
| ≤2 | |||||
| Yes | −3.1 ± 7.1 | −10.9 ± 5.5 | −8.5 ± 6.3 | 8.8 ± 5.3 | 6.3 ± 4.7 |
| No | 1.8 ± 4.2 | −7.8 ± 4.5 | −5.1 ± 4.5 | 4.5 ± 3.7 | 3.8 ± 2.9 |
| ≤4 | |||||
| Yes | −2.4 ± 6.5 | −10.1 ± 5.5 | −7.6 ± 6.0 | 7.8 ± 5.1 | 5.7 ± 4.3 |
| No | 1.9 ± 4.1 | −7.6 ± 4.4 | −4.8 ± 4.3 | 4.4 ± 3.6 | 3.6 ± 2.6 |
| BE value less than or equal to −8 | |||||
| Yes | … | … | … | 10.1 ± 5.8 | 6.9 ± 4.7 |
| No | … | … | … | 4.6 ± 3.6 | 3.3 ± 1.8 |
NOTE. t Tests were used to compare base excess (BE) values and lactate concentrations across levels of risk factors, by site. P values for each BE comparison were <.001, except for vomiting in Blantyre (P = .003), seizures in Kilifi (P > .10), and vomiting and seizures in Kumasi (P > .10 for each). P values for each lactate comparison were < .001, except for vomiting in Blantyre (P = .02) and seizures in Kumasi (P > .10).