Table 1.
Selected examples of P450 mutants characterized in various organisms
| P450 mutation | Organism | Phenotype | Function altered | Reference |
| (mutant name) | ||||
| CYP1B1 defect | Human | Congenital glaucoma | Unknown | [38] |
| CYP17 | Human | Sex steroid production | Steroid17α-hydroxylase and 17, 20-lyase | |
| (more than 20 alleles) | affected in both sexes | |||
| (some allelic variants) | Only the 17,20-lyase activity | [39] | ||
| CYP19 defect | Human | Failure of normal female development | Aromatase (aromatizes ring A of steroids, | [40] |
| thus producing estrogens) | ||||
| (overactive) | Male feminization | |||
| CYP51 | Uncinula necator | Azole fungicide resistance | Eburicol 14 α-demethylase | [41] |
| (resistant variants with | (powdery mildew) | |||
| point mutations) | ||||
| CYP84A1 defect | A. thaliana | Does not accumulate sinapoyl malate; | Coniferyl aldehyde 5-hydroxylase | [42] |
| (EMS mutant fah1) | alterered lignin composition | |||
| CYP90A1 defect | A. thaliana | De-etiolated in dark and dwarfism; | Brassinolide 23-hydroxylase (synthesis of | [43] |
| (via T-DNA tagging, cpd) | male sterility in the light | steroid hormones) | ||
| CYP71C2 defect | Maize | Defect in the production of DIMBOA*, | Indolin-2-one 3-hydroxylase | [6] |
| (transposon-tagged mutant, | more susceptible to pathogens | |||
| Bx3::Mu) | ||||
| CYP72B1 overactive | A. thaliana | Suppression of long hypocotyl phenotype | Brassinolide 26-hydroxylase (catabolism of | [44] |
| (activation tagging, | of photoreceptor phyB-4 mutant | brassinosteroids) | ||
| bas1-D) | ||||
| CYP75A1 | Petunia | Altered flower color (blue to pink) | Flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase | [45] |
| (breeding mutants; | ||||
| 2 alleles, Hf1 and Hf2) | ||||
| CYP302A1 defect | Drosophila melanogaster | Embryonic morphogenesis and cuticle | Probable enzyme in the pathway of ecdysteroid | [46] |
| (EMS mutants) | Deposition impaired | (insect molting hormone) biosynthesis | ||
| CYP504 | Aspergillus nidulans | Penicillin overproduction | Phenylacetate 2-hydroxylase (a reaction | [47] |
| (disruption) | competing with antibiotic biosynthesis) |
This is not an exhaustive list, but is only meant to provide a glimpse of the functional diversity of P450 enzymes. *2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA) is one of the major defense compounds against microbial pathogens and insects accumulated in the gramineae.