EXHIBIT 3.
Mean Annual Out-Of-Pocket Drug Costs Before And After The Implementation Of The MMA Standard Medicare Drug Benefit
|
Annual out-of-pocket drug costs |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre- MMA | Post- MMA | Absolute difference | Adjusted differencea(95% CI) | |
| Total | $1,192 | $ 966 | $226 | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Hispanic | 1,018 | 843 | 175 | –142 (–265, –19) |
| African American | 1,050 | 872 | 178 | –106 (–238, 27) |
| White | 1,212 | 979 | 233 | Reference |
| Household income | ||||
| <$21,450 | 1,375 | 1,008 | 367b | 72 (–52, 197) |
| $21,451–$34,289 | 1,259 | 1,051 | 208 | 8 (–99, 115) |
| $34,290–$55,285 | 1,122 | 951 | 171 | –14 (–127, 100) |
| >$55,285 | 976 | 825 | 151 | Reference |
| Insurance coverage | ||||
| No supplemental coverage | 1,345 | 884 | 461 | Reference |
| Employer sponsored | 857 | 989 | –132b | –576 (–664, –489) |
| Self-purchased | 1,540 | 1,041 | 499 | 20 (–89, 128) |
| Chronic conditions | ||||
| 0 | 445 | 347 | 98 | Reference |
| 1 | 959 | 764 | 195b | 84 (21, 147) |
| 2 | 1,403 | 1,173 | 230b | 135 (59, 210) |
| 3 or more | 2,191 | 1,774 | 417b | 332 (197, 468) |
SOURCE: Authors’ analysis of data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 1996–2000.
NOTES: Data for Asians and other groups are not presented because of small sample sizes. CI is confidence interval.
a
Adjusted difference represents savings with the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act (MMA) of 2003 after adjusting for other variables in the model. Savings are compared with the reference group, and a positive number therefore represents more savings, and a negative number represents smaller savings, than the reference group.
b
p < .05 for absolute difference compared with reference group.