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Survival of S. thermophilus SFi39 after freezing upon direct freezing from 42°C (white bar), heat-shock pre-adaptation (gray bar) and cold-shock pre-adaptation (black bar). Survival (y-axis) is expressed as the percentage of surviving cells compared to the number of cells prior to freezing (100). Cells survival was tested one, two and three days (x-axis) after freezing. Error bars indicate the coefficient of variation in different experiments.
