Table 1.
Age Differences in Baseline Language Sample Measures, Walking and Tapping Rates, and the Time-on-task Measures; Means (SDs) are given along with Results of the Multivariate and Univariate ANOVAs.
| Young Adults | Older Adults | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F | df | p | η2 | |||||
| Measure | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||||
| Fluency MANOVA | 4.828 | 4,43 | .003 | .310 | ||||
| MLU | 6.18 | 0.93 | 5.36 | 0.92 | 9.533 | 1,46 | .003 | .172 |
| WPM | 173.32 | 35.02 | 140.20 | 28.08 | 13.068 | 1,46 | .001 | .221 |
| % Grammatical | 74.31 | 11.48 | 76.84 | 11.5 | <1.0 | 1,46 | .659 | .004 |
| % w/out Fillers |
92.61 |
5.46 |
95.04 |
3.61 |
3.159 |
1,46 |
.082 |
.064 |
| Complexity MANOVA | 16.193 | 2,45 | <.001 | .418 | ||||
| MCU | 1.39 | 0.44 | 0.83 | 0.15 | 32.929 | 1,46 | <.001 | .417 |
| D-Level |
2.65 |
0.93 |
2.05 |
0.72 |
<1.0 |
1,46 |
.345 |
.019 |
| Content MANOVA | 4.717 | 2,45 | .014 | .173 | ||||
| TTR | 0.44 | 0.04 | 0.49 | 0.06 | <1.0 | 1,46 | .345 | .019 |
| P-Density |
3.93 |
0.44 |
3.81 |
0.41 |
8.294 |
1,46 |
.006 |
.153 |
| Walking MANOVA | <1.0 | 2,45 | .385 | .041 | ||||
| Walking Rate | 1.60 | 0.18 | 1.62 | 0.18 | <1.0 | 1,46 | .769 | .002 |
| Time-on-Task | 100% | 0.00 | 99.85 | 0.54 | 1.971 | 1,46 | .167 | .041 |
Note. MLU = mean length of utterance; WPM = word per minute speech rate; % Grammatical = percentage of grammatical sentences; % w/out Fillers = percentage of utterances without fillers; MCU = mean clauses per utterance; D-Level = Developmental Level; TTR = type-token ratio; P-Density = propositional density.