Table 3.
Multivariate and Univariate ANOVAs for Age Group Differences Dual Task Costs for the Language Sample Measures, Walking and Tapping Rates, and the Time on Task Measures for the three Tasks.
| Walking and Talking |
Walking, Talking, & Carrying Groceries |
Walking, Talking & Climbing Steps |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F | df | p | η2 | F | df | p | η2 | F | df | p | η2 | |
| Fluency MANOVA | 3.989 | 4,43 | .008 | .271 | 18.712 | 4,43 | <.001 | .635 | 37.943 | 4,43 | <.001 | .778 |
| MLU | 5.235 | 1,46 | .027 | .610 | 14.746 | 1,46 | <.001 | .243 | 31.482 | 1,46 | <.001 | .406 |
| WPM | 3.653 | 1,46 | .062 | .465 | 39.038 | 1,46 | <.001 | .459 | 11.842 | 1,46 | <.001 | .205 |
| % Grammatical | <1.0 | 1,46 | .580 | .085 | <1.0 | 1,46 | .695 | .004 | <1.0 | 1,46 | .696 | .006 |
| % w/out Fillers |
1.480 |
1,46 |
.229 |
.223 |
19.489 |
1,46 |
<.001 |
.298 |
114.428 |
1,46 |
<.001 |
.713 |
| Complexity MANOVA | 30.776 | 2,45 | <.001 | .578 | 25.995 | 2,45 | <.001 | .536 | 31.418 | 2,45 | <.001 | .583 |
| MCU | 3.912 | 1,46 | .054 | .078 | 37.435 | 1,46 | <.001 | .449 | 44.241 | 1,46` | <.001 | .216 |
| D-Level |
53.028 |
1,46 |
<.001 |
.538 |
9.133 |
1,46 |
.004 |
.166 |
12.658 |
1,46 |
<.001 |
.490 |
| Content MANOVA | <1.0 | 2,45 | .936 | .003 | <1.0 | ,2,45 | .932 | .003 | 1.382 | 2,45 | .262 | .058 |
| TTR | <1.0 | 1,46 | .897 | .000 | <1.0 | 1,46 | .710 | .003 | 2.81 | 1,46 | .100 | .058 |
| P-Density |
<1.0 |
1,46 |
.757 |
.002 |
<1.0 |
1,46 |
.957 |
.000 |
8.294 |
1,46 |
.006 |
.153 |
| Performance MANOVA | 5.804 | 2,45 | .006 | .205 | 5.748 | 2,46 | .006 | .203 | 8.816 | 2,45 | .001 | .282 |
| Walking Rate | 10.035 | 1,46 | .003 | .179 | 9.606 | 1,46 | .003 | .173 | 13.387 | 1,46 | .001 | .225 |
| Time-on-Task | 1.328 | 1,46 | .255 | .028 | <1.0 | 1,46 | .334 | .020 | 5.327 | 1,46 | .026 | .104 |
Note. MLU = mean length of utterance; WPM = word per minute speech rate; % Grammatical = percentage of grammatical sentences; % w/out Fillers = percentage of utterances without fillers; MCU = mean clauses per utterance; D-Level = Developmental Level; TTR = type-token ratio; P-Density = propositional density.