Skip to main content
PMC home page
Gut logoLink to Gut
. 1978 Dec;19(12):1163–1174. doi: 10.1136/gut.19.12.1163

Maintenance of anal continence: a review of pelvic floor physiology.

V A Dickinson
PMCID: PMC1412334  PMID: 369960

Full text

PDF
1163

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Aaronson I., Nixon H. H. A clinical evaluation of anorectal pressure studies in the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease. Gut. 1972 Feb;13(2):138–146. doi: 10.1136/gut.13.2.138. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Alva J., Mendeloff A. I., Schuster M. M. Reflex and electromyographic abnormalities associated with fecal incontinence. Gastroenterology. 1967 Jul;53(1):101–106. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. BECKER G. L. Pre-operative and post-operative care of the hemorrhoidectomy patient. Proc R Soc Med. 1959;52(Suppl):91–93. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. BENNETT R. C., DUTHIE H. L. THE FUNCTIONAL IMPORTANCE OF THE INTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER. Br J Surg. 1964 May;51:355–357. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800510514. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Collins C. D., Brown B. H., Whittaker G. E., Duthie H. L. New method of measuring forces in the anal canal. Gut. 1969 Feb;10(2):160–163. doi: 10.1136/gut.10.2.160. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Collins C. D., Duthie H. L., Shelley T., Whittaker G. E. Force in the anal canal and anal continence. Gut. 1967 Aug;8(4):354–360. doi: 10.1136/gut.8.4.354. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. DUTHIE H. L., GAIRNS F. W. Sensory nerve-endings and sensation in the anal region of man. Br J Surg. 1960 May;47:585–595. doi: 10.1002/bjs.18004720602. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. DUTHIE H. L., WATTS J. M. CONTRIBUTION OF THE EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER TO THE PRESSURE ZONE IN THE ANAL CANAL. Gut. 1965 Feb;6:64–68. doi: 10.1136/gut.6.1.64. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Dent J. A new technique for continuous sphincter pressure measurement. Gastroenterology. 1976 Aug;71(2):263–267. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Duthie H. L., Bennett R. C. The relation of sensation in the anal canal to the functional anal sphincter: a possible factor in anal continence. Gut. 1963 Jun;4(2):179–182. doi: 10.1136/gut.4.2.179. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Duthie H. L., Kwong N. K., Brown B. Adaptability of the anal canal to distension. Br J Surg. 1970 May;57(5):388–388. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Duthie H. L. Progress report. Anal continence. Gut. 1971 Oct;12(10):844–852. doi: 10.1136/gut.12.10.844. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. FLOYD W. F., WALLS E. W. Electromyography of the sphincter ani externus in man. J Physiol. 1953 Dec 29;122(3):599–609. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1953.sp005024. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Frenckner B., Euler C. V. Influence of pudendal block on the function of the anal sphincters. Gut. 1975 Jun;16(6):482–489. doi: 10.1136/gut.16.6.482. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Frenckner B. Function of the anal sphincters in spinal man. Gut. 1975 Aug;16(8):638–644. doi: 10.1136/gut.16.8.638. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Frenckner B., Ihre T. Influence of autonomic nerves on the internal and sphincter in man. Gut. 1976 Apr;17(4):306–312. doi: 10.1136/gut.17.4.306. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Friedmann C. A. The action of nicotine and catecholamines on the human internal anal sphincter. Am J Dig Dis. 1968 May;13(5):428–431. doi: 10.1007/BF02233663. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. GOLIGHER J. C., HUGHES E. S. R. Sensibility of the rectum and colon. Its rôle in the mechanism of anal continence. Lancet. 1951 Mar 10;1(6654):543–547. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(51)92242-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Garrett J. R., Howard E. R., Jones W. The internal anal sphincter in the cat: a study of nervous mechanisms affecting tone and reflex activity. J Physiol. 1974 Nov;243(1):153–166. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1974.sp010747. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. HARRIS L. D., POPE C. E., 2nd "SQUEEZE" VS. RESISTANCE: AN EVALUATION OF THE MECHANISM OF SPHINCTER COMPETENCE. J Clin Invest. 1964 Dec;43:2272–2278. doi: 10.1172/JCI105101. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. HILL J. R., KELLEY M. L., Jr, SCHLEGEL J. F., CODE C. F. Pressure profile of the rectum and anus of healthy persons. Dis Colon Rectum. 1960 May-Jun;3:203–209. doi: 10.1007/BF02616555. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Hancock B. D. Measurement of anal pressure and motility. Gut. 1976 Aug;17(8):645–651. doi: 10.1136/gut.17.8.645. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Hardy K. J. Involuntary sphincter tone in the maintenance of continence. Aust N Z J Surg. 1972 Aug;42(1):48–50. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.1972.tb06739.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Harris L. D., Winans C. S., Pope C. E., 2nd Determination of yield pressures: a method for measuring anal sphincter competence. Gastroenterology. 1966 Jun;50(6):754–760. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Iggo A., Ogawa H. Correlative physiological and morphological studies of rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors in cat's glabrous skin. J Physiol. 1977 Apr;266(2):275–296. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1977.sp011768. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. KAWAKAMI M. Electro-myographic investigation on the human external sphincter muscle of anus. Jpn J Physiol. 1954 Sep 1;4(3):196–204. doi: 10.2170/jjphysiol.4.196. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Katz L. A., Kaufmann H. J., Spiro H. M. Anal sphincter pressure characteristics. Gastroenterology. 1967 Mar;52(3):513–518. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Long W. J., Nixon H. H. Continence and the yield pressure of the anus. Proc R Soc Med. 1971 Dec;64(12):1189–1190. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. MELZAK J., PORTER N. H. STUDIES OF THE REFLEX ACTIVITY OF THE EXTERNAL SPHINCTER ANI IN SPINAL MAN. Paraplegia. 1964 Mar;1:277–296. doi: 10.1038/sc.1963.25. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Meunier P., Mollard P. Control of the internal anal sphincter (manometric study with human subjects). Pflugers Arch. 1977 Sep 16;370(3):233–239. doi: 10.1007/BF00585532. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Meunier P., Mollard P., Jaubert de Beaujeu M. Manometric studies of anorectal disorders in infancy and childhood: an investigation of the physiopathology of continence and defaecation. Br J Surg. 1976 May;63(5):402–407. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800630518. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Meunier P., Mollard P., Marechal J. M. Physiopathology of megarectum: the association of megarectum with encopresis. Gut. 1976 Mar;17(3):224–227. doi: 10.1136/gut.17.3.224. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. PARKS A. G., PORTER N. H., MELZAK J. Experimental study of the reflex mechanism controlling the muscle of the pelvic floor. Dis Colon Rectum. 1962 Nov-Dec;5:407–414. doi: 10.1007/BF02616644. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. PORTER N. H. A physiological study of the pelvic floor in rectal prolapse. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1962 Dec;31:379–404. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Parks A. G., Fishlock D. J., Cameron J. D., May H. Preiminary investigation of the pharmacology of the human internal anal sphincter. Gut. 1969 Aug;10(8):674–677. doi: 10.1136/gut.10.8.674. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Parks A. G., Porter N. H., Hardcastle J. The syndrome of the descending perineum. Proc R Soc Med. 1966 Jun;59(6):477–482. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Parks A. G. Royal Society of Medicine, Section of Proctology; Meeting 27 November 1974. President's Address. Anorectal incontinence. Proc R Soc Med. 1975 Nov;68(11):681–690. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Parks A. G., Swash M., Urich H. Sphincter denervation in anorectal incontinence and rectal prolapse. Gut. 1977 Aug;18(8):656–665. doi: 10.1136/gut.18.8.656. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Penninckx F., Kerremans R., Beckers J. Pharmacological characteristics of the non-striated anorectal musculature in cats. Gut. 1973 May;14(5):393–398. doi: 10.1136/gut.14.5.393. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Phillips S. F., Edwards D. A. Some aspects of anal continence and defaecation. Gut. 1965 Aug;6(4):396–406. doi: 10.1136/gut.6.4.396. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Rutter K. R. Electromyographic changes in certain pelvic floor abnormalities. Proc R Soc Med. 1974 Jan;67(1):53–56. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. SCHUSTER M. M., HENDRIX T. R., MENDELOFF A. I. The internal anal sphincter response: manometric studies on its normal physiology, neural pathways, and alteration in bowel disorders. J Clin Invest. 1963 Feb;42:196–207. doi: 10.1172/JCI104706. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. SCHUSTER M. M., HOOKMAN P., HENDRIX T. R., MENDELOFF A. I. SIMULTANEOUS MANOMETRIC RECORDING OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTERIC REFLEXES. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp. 1965 Feb;116:79–88. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Scharli A. F., Kiesewetter W. B. Defecation and continence: some new concepts. Dis Colon Rectum. 1970 Mar-Apr;13(2):81–107. doi: 10.1007/BF02617635. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Shafik A. A new concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation. III. The longitudinal anal muscle: anatomy and role in anal sphincter mechanism. Invest Urol. 1976 Jan;13(4):271–277. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Shafik A. New concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation. II. Anatomy of the levator ani muscle with special reference to puborectalis. Invest Urol. 1975 Nov;13(3):175–182. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Shepherd J. J. The nerve supply of the internal anal sphincter. Aust N Z J Surg. 1972 Aug;42(1):50–52. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.1972.tb06740.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Shepherd J. J., Wright P. G. The response of the internal anal sphincter in man to stimulation of the presacral nerve. Am J Dig Dis. 1968 May;13(5):421–427. doi: 10.1007/BF02233661. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. TAVERNER D., SMIDDY F. G. An electromyographic study of the normal function of the external anal sphincter and pelvic diaphragm. Dis Colon Rectum. 1959 Mar-Apr;2(2):153–160. doi: 10.1007/BF02616708. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. TOKIZANE T., KAWAMATA K., TOKIZANE H. Electromyographic studies on the human respiratory muscles; studies on the activity pattern of neuromuscular units. Jpn J Physiol. 1952 Feb;2(3):232–247. doi: 10.2170/jjphysiol.2.232. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Ustach T. J., Tobon F., Hambrecht T., Bass D. D., Schuster M. M. Electrophysiological aspects of human sphincter function. J Clin Invest. 1970 Jan;49(1):41–48. doi: 10.1172/JCI106220. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Varma K. K., Stephens D. Neuromuscular reflexes of rectal continence. Aust N Z J Surg. 1972 Feb;41(3):263–272. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Varma K. K. The role of the voluntary anal sphincter in the maintenance of faecal continence in normal and abnormal states. Aust N Z J Surg. 1972 Aug;42(1):52–55. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.1972.tb06741.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. WALLS E. W. Recent observations on the anatomy of the anal canal. Proc R Soc Med. 1959;52(Suppl):85–87. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Wankling W. J., Brown B. H., Collins C. D., Duthie H. L. Basal electrical activity in the anal canal in man. Gut. 1968 Aug;9(4):457–460. doi: 10.1136/gut.9.4.457. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Wheatley I. C., Hardy K. J., Dent J. Anal pressure studies in spinal patients. Gut. 1977 Jun;18(6):488–490. doi: 10.1136/gut.18.6.488. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Gut are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES