Roles of DLP1, glucose metabolism, and pyruvate transport in HG-induced ROS increase and mitochrondrial fragmentation. (A) Mitochondrial fragmentation in HG requires mitochondrial fission machinery. Cells transfected with DLP1-K38A (T) maintained elongated tubular mitochondria in HG media, whereas mitochondria in untransfected cells (U) were short and fragmented. (B–D) d-glucose, but not l-glucose, causes ROS increase and mitochondrial fragmentation. (B and C) DCF fluorescence increased in cells incubated in d-glucose, but not in l-glucose. (D) Both form factor and aspect ratio of mitochondria did not change in cells from l-glucose incubation. (E and F) Inhibiting mitochondrial pyruvate uptake prevents ROS increase in HG conditions. Preincubation with 0.1 mM CHC blocked ROS increase (E) but did not affect mitochondrial fragmentation (F).